{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T23:25:34Z","timestamp":1774049134245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial cellulose (BC) is characterized for its high water holding capacity, high crystallinity, an ultrafine fiber network and high tensile strength. This work demonstrates the production of a new interpenetrated polymer network nanocomposite obtained through the incorporation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on the BC matrix and evaluates the effect of oven drying on the morphological, mechanical and mass transfer properties of the composite membranes. Both the addition of PVA and oven drying induce the appearance of larger pores (circa 1\u20133 \u00b5m in average diameter) in dried BC\/PVA membranes. Both types of treatments also affect the permeability of the composite, as assessed by the diffusion coefficients of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules (900, 8,000, 35,000 and 100,000 Da) across the membranes. Finally, the Young\u2019s modulus of dry pristine BC decreases following PVA incorporation, resulting in a change from 3.5 GPa to 1 GPa and a five-fold loss in tensile strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma6051956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T14:17:28Z","timestamp":1368195448000},"page":"1956-1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Production and Characterization of a New Bacterial Cellulose\/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.200950608","article-title":"Nanocellulose materials\u2014Different cellulose, different functionality","volume":"280","author":"Klemm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/bm060620d","article-title":"The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications","volume":"8","author":"Czaja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.06.065","article-title":"Permeability of bacterial cellulose membranes","volume":"272","author":"Sokolnicki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32784","article-title":"Behavior of human chondrocytes in engineered porous bacterial cellulose scaffolds","volume":"94","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage","volume":"26","author":"Svensson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"224","article-title":"Effectiveness of a biocellulose wound dressing for the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers: Results of a single center randomized study involving 24 patients","volume":"16","author":"Alvarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luan, J., Wu, J., Zheng, Y., Song, W., Wang, G., Guo, J., and Ding, X. (2012). Impregnation of silver sulfadiazine into bacterial cellulose for antimicrobial and biocompatible wound dressing. Biomed. Mater., 7.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/7\/6\/065006"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1993.040207.x","article-title":"Bone formation over a TiAl6V4(IMZ) implant placed into an extraction socket in association with membrane therapy (Gengiflex)","volume":"4","author":"Novaes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.4.454","article-title":"Clinical comparison of cellulose and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes in the treatment of class II furcations in mandibular molars with 6-month re-entry","volume":"69","author":"Novaes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460587","article-title":"Cellulose: Fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material","volume":"44","author":"Klemm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(01)00021-1","article-title":"Bacterial synthesized cellulose\u2014Artificial blood vessels for microsurgery","volume":"26","author":"Klemm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33148","article-title":"Studies on the hemocompatibility of bacterial cellulose","volume":"98","author":"Andrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2010.07.010","article-title":"Observations on bacterial cellulose tube formation for application as vascular graft","volume":"31","author":"Backdahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-0467(95)06700-0","article-title":"Uncoupling mass transfer limitations of gaseous substrates in microbial systems","volume":"59","author":"Grasso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-0978-8","article-title":"Inclusion of solid particles in bacterial cellulose","volume":"58","author":"Serafica","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.04.032","article-title":"Biomimetic synthesis of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite in a natural hydrogel","volume":"27","author":"Hutchens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3432-y","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose-based materials and medical devices: Current state and perspectives","volume":"91","author":"Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.09.056","article-title":"3D microenvironment as essential element for osteoinduction by biomaterials","volume":"26","author":"Habibovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.10.010","article-title":"Poly(vinyl alcohol)-acrylamide hydrogels as load-bearing cartilage substitute","volume":"30","author":"Macias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024907615244","article-title":"Poly(vinyl alcohol) as versatile biomaterial for potential biomedical applications","volume":"14","author":"Paradossi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9474-0","article-title":"Gentamicin-loaded wound dressing with polyvinyl alcohol\/dextran hydrogel: Gel characterization and in vivo healing evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46414-X_2","article-title":"Structure and applications of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels produced by conventional crosslinking or by freezing\/thawing methods","volume":"153","author":"Hassan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31040","article-title":"Anisotropic polyvinyl alcohol\u2014Bacterial cellulose nanocomposite for biomedical applications","volume":"86","author":"Millon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2010.01.042","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose\u2014Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites prepared by an in-situ process","volume":"64","author":"Gea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004775229149","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose\u2014A masterpiece of nature\u2019s arts","volume":"35","author":"Iguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-004-2932-3","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose: The ultimate nano-scalar cellulose morphology for the production of high-strength composites","volume":"80","author":"Nakagaito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.22076","article-title":"Swelling behavior of chemically crosslinked PVA gels in mixed solvents","volume":"48","author":"Kudo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-005-3574-0","article-title":"Physico-mechanical properties of chemically treated bacterial (acetobacter xylinum) cellulose membrane","volume":"21","author":"George","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/term.51","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose as a potential meniscus implant","volume":"1","author":"Bodin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1021\/bm300042t","article-title":"Effective Young\u2019s modulus of bacterial and microfibrillated cellulose fibrils in fibrous networks","volume":"13","author":"Tanpichai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01139032","article-title":"The structure and mechanical properties of sheets prepared from bacterial cellulose","volume":"24","author":"Yamanaka","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-009-9285-1","article-title":"All-cellulose nanocomposites by surface selective dissolution of bacterial cellulose","volume":"16","author":"Soykeabkaew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1971.160090608","article-title":"Diffusive and hydraulic permeabilities of water in water-swollen polymer membranes","volume":"9","author":"Yasuda","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"129","article-title":"Diffusion with immobilization in membranes: Transport and failure mechanisms","volume":"292","author":"Fisher","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19980613)68:11<1751::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Kinetics of in vitro drug release from chitosan\/gelatin hybrid membranes","volume":"68","author":"Fang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/6\/5\/1956\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:46:39Z","timestamp":1760219199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/6\/5\/1956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma6051956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma6051956","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]]}}}