{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:09:35Z","timestamp":1776470975801,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/CTMPOL\/6138\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTMPOL\/6138\/2014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202484\/2015-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202484\/2015-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial polymers represent a very promising class of therapeutics with unique characteristics for fighting microbial infections. As the classic antibiotics exhibit an increasingly low capacity to effectively act on microorganisms, new solutions must be developed. The importance of this class of materials emerged from the uncontrolled use of antibiotics, which led to the advent of multidrug-resistant microbes, being nowadays one of the most serious public health problems. This review presents a critical discussion of the latest developments involving the use of different classes of antimicrobial polymers. The synthesis pathways used to afford macromolecules with antimicrobial properties, as well as the relationship between the structure and performance of these materials are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9070599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T09:45:15Z","timestamp":1469007915000},"page":"599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["Recent Developments in Antimicrobial Polymers: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Madson","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3001-401, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Arm\u00e9nio","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1939-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3001-401, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/polym4010046","article-title":"Antimicrobial polymers in solution and on surfaces: Overview and functional principles","volume":"4","author":"Siedenbiedel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.08.005","article-title":"Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activity","volume":"37","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1021\/bm061150q","article-title":"The chemistry and applications of antimicrobial polymers: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"8","author":"Kenawy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400418","article-title":"Antimicrobial polymers","volume":"3","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(94)90005-1","article-title":"Inhibition of staphylococci by vancomycin absorbed on triidodecylmethyl ammonium chloride-coated intravenous catheter","volume":"31","author":"Bowersock","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16023626","article-title":"Antimicrobial polymeric materials with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobbarala, V. (2015). Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials, Science, Technology and Medicine.","DOI":"10.5772\/59522"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kenawy, E.-R., and Kandil, S. (2014). Polymeric Materials with Antimicrobial Activity: From Synthesis to Applications, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Chapter 3."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2015.03.007","article-title":"Controlling macromolecular structures towards effective antimicrobial polymers","volume":"63","author":"Ganewatta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00772413","article-title":"Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of polymers containing quaternary ammonimum groups","volume":"5","author":"Panarin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2012.09.018","article-title":"Slow release of a biocidal agent from polymeric microcapsules for preventing biodeterioration","volume":"76","author":"Mahlberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201509401","article-title":"Enzyme-responsive polymeric vesicles for bacterial-strain-selective delivery of antimicrobial agents","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.11.131","article-title":"Antimicrobial fibers: Therapeutic possibilities and recent advances","volume":"3","author":"Bshena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2011.58","article-title":"Recent advances in materials for extended-release antibiotic delivery system","volume":"64","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2011.05.008","article-title":"Silver polymeric nanocomposites as advanced antimicrobial agents: Classification, synthetic paths, applications, and perspectives","volume":"166","author":"Dallas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.08.002","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamases: Types, epidemiology and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Shaikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.13.12","article-title":"Clinical relevance of the eskape pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Pendleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1086\/655995","article-title":"Progress and challenges in implementing the research on eskape pathogens","volume":"31","author":"Rice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4572","article-title":"Eskapeing the labyrinth of antibacterial discovery","volume":"14","author":"Tommasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10947","article-title":"Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health","volume":"484","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03240-14","article-title":"Natural hotspots for multiple resistances gain: Arsenic and antibiotic resistance in heterotrophic aerobic bacteria from marine hydrothermal vent fields","volume":"81","author":"Farias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102209-163517","article-title":"The genomic enzymology of antibiotic resistance","volume":"44","author":"Morar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2015.1048219","article-title":"Designing drugs that overcome antibacterial resistance: Where do we stand and what should we do?","volume":"10","author":"Penchovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Opin. Drug Disc."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance, Fact Sheet N\u00b0194. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs194\/en\/#."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2003.12.005","article-title":"International dissemination of antibiotic resistant strains of bacterial pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Witte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"77","article-title":"The role of penicillinase in determining natural and acquired resistance of gram-negative bacteria to penicillins","volume":"32","author":"Brumfitt","year":"1963","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.08.004","article-title":"Metal nanobullets for multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.501","article-title":"Antifungal agents: Mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance","volume":"12","author":"Ghannoum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1086\/533452","article-title":"Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: No eskape","volume":"197","author":"Rice","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68834","article-title":"Mechanisms of vancomycin resistance in staphylococcus aureus","volume":"124","author":"Gardete","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.02.012","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for enterococcus spp. Blood stream infections: A population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Billington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S381","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu593","article-title":"Bad bugs need old drugs: A stewardship program\u2019s evaluation of minocycline for multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii infections","volume":"59","author":"Goff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.10.49","article-title":"Impact of multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on patient outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Hirsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2012.06.002","article-title":"Fungal pollution of indoor environments and its management","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2011.06.012","article-title":"Phylogeny and intraspecific variation of the extreme xerophile, xeromyces bisporus","volume":"115","author":"Pettersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Madan, M., and Thin, K.S. (1998). Physiology of Fungi, APH Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Medicine, I.O. (1992). Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780601009493","article-title":"Fungal diseases: An evolving public health challenge","volume":"44","author":"Warnock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01603.x","article-title":"Identification of spore allergens from the indoor mould aspergillus versicolor","volume":"63","author":"Benndorf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1169","article-title":"Aflatoxin b1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries: Geographical distribution, mechanism of action and prevention","volume":"5","author":"Hamid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imlay, J. (2009). Oxidative stress. EcoSal Plus.","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosal.5.4.4"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06699.x","article-title":"Manganese import is a key element of the oxyr response to hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli","volume":"72","author":"Anjem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadet, J., and Wagner, J.R. (2013). DNA base damage by reactive oxygen species, oxidizing agents, and uv radiation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012559"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"3","article-title":"Oxidative stress in bacteria and protein damage by reactive oxygen species","volume":"3","author":"Cabiscol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07612.x","article-title":"How does the oxidative burst of macrophages kill bacteria? Still an open question","volume":"80","author":"Slauch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5944","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200084z","article-title":"Free radical lipid peroxidation: Mechanisms and analysis","volume":"111","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.08.031","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the metals and metal oxide nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Dizaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201500440","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ros) responsive polymers for biomedical applications","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parachin, N.S., and Franco, O.L. (2014). New edge of antibiotic development: Antimicrobial peptides and corresponding resistance. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00147"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1021\/am507482y","article-title":"Broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal polymeric paint materials: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and membrane-active mode of action","volume":"7","author":"Hoque","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.04.052","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(acrylic acid) electrospun nanofibers","volume":"146","author":"Amariei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.04.014","article-title":"Structural variations of the cell wall precursor lipid ii in gram-positive bacteria\u2014Impact on binding and efficacy of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"1848","author":"Munch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilhelmelli, F., Vilela, N., Albuquerque, P., Derengowski, L., Silva-Pereira, I., and Kyaw, C. (2013). Antimicrobial development challenges: The various mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides and of bacterial resistance. Front. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00353"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6121543","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides","volume":"6","author":"Bahar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(01)00116-X","article-title":"In vitro antifungal evaluation and structure-activity relationships of a new series of chalcone derivatives and synthetic analogues, with inhibitory properties against polymers of the fungal cell wall","volume":"9","author":"Castelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2333","article-title":"How antibiotics kill bacteria: From targets to networks","volume":"8","author":"Kohanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12896.x","article-title":"Mechanism of antimicrobial action of indolicidin","volume":"160","author":"Subbalakshmi","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.01.015","article-title":"Design of novel indolicidin-derived antimicrobial peptides with enhanced cell specificity and potent anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"30","author":"Nan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chindera, K., Mahato, M., Kumar Sharma, A., Horsley, H., Kloc-Muniak, K., Kamaruzzaman, N.F., Kumar, S., McFarlane, A., Stach, J., and Bentin, T. (2016). The antimicrobial polymer phmb enters cells and selectively condenses bacterial chromosomes. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23121"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1358\/dof.2010.35.3.1452077","article-title":"Peptide-based antifungal therapies against emerging infections","volume":"35","author":"Matejuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs Future"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2013). Antimicrobial Effectiveness Test, The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.. USP 51."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2012). Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) in Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials, ASTM International. ASTM E2180-07."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2013). Method 964.02\u2014Pseudomonas aeruginosa, AOAC Official Methods of Analysis; AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2013). Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Antimicrobial Agents under Dynamic Contact Conditions, ASTM International. ASTM E2149-13a."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2015). Antimicrobial Activity Assessment of New Carpets (2011), American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. developed in 1991 by AATCC Committee RA31 (revised 2011 with title change); AATCC TM174."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2015). Antibacterial Activity Assessment of Textile Materials: Parallel Streak Method (2011), American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. developed in 1976 by AATCC Committee RA31 (revised 2011); AATCC TM147."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2014). Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials: Assessment of (2012), American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. developed in 1961 by AATCC Committee RA31 (revised 2012); AATCC TM100."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2013). Method 955.14\u2014Salmonella enterica, AOAC Official Methods of Analysis; AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2013). Methods 955.15\u2014Staphylococcus aureus, AOAC Official Methods of Analysis; AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2014). Antifungal Activity, Assessment on Textile Materials: Mildew and Rot Resistance of Textile Materials (2013), American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. developed in 1946 by AATCC Committee RA31 (reaffirmed 2013); AATCC TM30-2013."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2015). Standard Practice for Determining Resistance of Synthetic Polymeric Materials to Fungi, ASTM International. ASTM G21-15."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2013). Standard Test Methods for Ability of Adhesive Films to Support or Resist the Growth of Fungi, ASTM International. ASTM D4300-01."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2011). Measurement of Antibacterial Activity on Plastics and Other Non-Porous Surfaces, ISO. ISO 22196:2011."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.11.005","article-title":"Needle-free buccal anesthesia using iontophoresis and amino amide salts combined in a mucoadhesive formulation","volume":"136","author":"Cubayachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2007). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Seventeenth Information Supplement."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-015-0123-3","article-title":"The antimicrobial activity of free and immobilized poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride in nanoparticles of poly (methylmethacrylate)","volume":"13","author":"Sanches","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2012). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests\u2014Approved Standard, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Mo2-A12."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Cavalieri, S.J. (2005). Manual of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, American Society for Microbiology."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","article-title":"Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of antimicrobial substances","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.22259","article-title":"Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers","volume":"49","author":"Ulery","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olatunji, O. (2016). Natural Polymers: Industry Tecnhiques and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26414-1"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.11.058","article-title":"Insight on the periodate oxidation of dextran and its structural vicissitudes","volume":"52","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Sayed, S., and Jardine, M.A. (2015). Advanced Functional Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.01.010","article-title":"Chitosan based edible films and coatings: A review","volume":"33","author":"Elsabee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: A state of the art review","volume":"144","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.3174","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanofibers obtained by electrospinning","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3390\/md8041305","article-title":"Chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes as potential carrier materials in drug delivery systems","volume":"8","author":"Hamman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.1423","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles: A promising system in novel drug delivery","volume":"58","author":"Nagpal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-14282009000300013","article-title":"A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan","volume":"19","author":"Goy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pol\u00edmeros"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-5975(79)80054-7","article-title":"The fungicidal effect of chitosan on fungi of varying cell wall composition","volume":"3","author":"Allan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-5975(84)90013-6","article-title":"Characterization of the smallest chitosan oligomer that is maximally antifungal to fusarium-solani and elicits pisatin formation in pisum-sativum","volume":"8","author":"Kendra","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.10.2019","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of n-carboxybutyl chitosan","volume":"34","author":"Muzzarelli","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-65.5.828","article-title":"Antimicrobial action of hydrolyzed chitosan against spoilage yeasts and lactic acid bacteria of fermented vegetables","volume":"65","author":"Savard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badawy, M.E.I., and Rabea, E.I. (2011). A biopolymer chitosan and its derivatives as promising antimicrobial agents against plant pathogens and their applications in crop protection. Int. J. Carbohydr. Chem., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/460381"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.11.047","article-title":"Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial films in food applications","volume":"114","author":"Dutta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1081\/MC-120020161","article-title":"Review of chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobial agents and their uses as textile chemicals","volume":"C43","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2174\/138920101602150112151157","article-title":"Antimicrobial chitosan based formulations with impact on different biomedical applications","volume":"16","author":"Radulescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20800","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151120800","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of chitosan derivatives containing n-quaternized moieties in its backbone: A review","volume":"15","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"46","article-title":"A review on application of chitosan as a natural antimicrobial","volume":"2011","author":"Hafdani","year":"2011","journal-title":"WASET"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2006.10.022","article-title":"Chitin\/chitosan: Modifications and their unlimited application potential\u2014An overview","volume":"18","author":"Tharanathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00609-2","article-title":"Chitosan disrupts the barrier properties of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria","volume":"71","author":"Helander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6629","DOI":"10.1021\/jf061310p","article-title":"Chitosan derivatives killed bacteria by disrupting the outer and inner membrane","volume":"54","author":"Je","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00453-08","article-title":"Insights into the mode of action of chitosan as an antibacterial compound","volume":"74","author":"Raafat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2008.00080.x","article-title":"Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential\u2014A critical literature survey","volume":"2","author":"Raafat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01030998","article-title":"N-carboxymethylchitosan inhibition of aflatoxin production: Role of zinc","volume":"13","author":"Cuero","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034130m","article-title":"Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: Applications and mode of action","volume":"4","author":"Rabea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.08.076","article-title":"Nanofilms of hyaluronan\/chitosan assembled layer-by-layer: An antibacterial surface for xylella fastidiosa","volume":"136","author":"Nascimento","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.3176","article-title":"Layer-by-layer deposition of antimicrobial polymers on cellulosic fibers: A new strategy to develop bioactive textiles","volume":"24","author":"Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Polylysine produced by strptomyces","volume":"41","author":"Shima","year":"1977","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2860(03)00218-7","article-title":"Characterization of microbial poly (\u03b5-l-lysine) by FT-IR, raman and solid state 13c NMR spectroscopies","volume":"655","author":"Maeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00510.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of \u03b5-polylysine against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in various food extracts","volume":"72","author":"Geornaras","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02157.x","article-title":"\u03b5-poly-l-lysine and nisin a act synergistically against Gram-positive food-borne pathogens bacillus cereus and listeria monocytogenes","volume":"45","author":"Najjar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.37.1449","article-title":"Antimicrobial action of epsilon-poly-l-lysine","volume":"37","author":"Shima","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.05.004","article-title":"Antimicrobial delivery systems based on electrostatic complexes of cationic \u03b5-polylysine and anionic gum arabic","volume":"35","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.08.001","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of \u03b5-poly-l-lysine","volume":"439","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02757.x","article-title":"Activity of caprylic acid, carvacrol, \u03b5-polylysine and their combinations against salmonella in not-ready-to-eat surface-browned, frozen, breaded chicken products","volume":"77","author":"Moschonas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.12.040","article-title":"A photopolymerized antimicrobial hydrogel coating derived from epsilon-poly-l-lysine","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(88)90017-6","article-title":"Review of the environmental toxicity of quaternary ammonium halides","volume":"16","author":"Cooper","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.1984.021850503","article-title":"Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of poly(trialkylvinylbenzylammonium chloride)s","volume":"185","author":"Ikeda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Makromol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.1993.080310205","article-title":"Novel polycationic biocides: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of polymeric phosphonium salts","volume":"31","author":"Kanazawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.1993.080311126","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of polymeric sulfonium salts","volume":"31","author":"Kanazawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2013.879448","article-title":"Biocidal polymers: Preparation and antimicrobial assessment of immobilized onium salts onto modified chitosan","volume":"63","author":"Kenawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10325","article-title":"Biologically active polymers. V. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) derivatives with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts","volume":"40","author":"Kenawy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1021\/cm103548t","article-title":"Counterion dynamics in polyurethane-carboxylate ionomers with ionic liquid counterions","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2014.04.015","article-title":"Phosphonium cation-containing polymers: From ionic liquids to polyelectrolytes","volume":"55","author":"Jangu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46887","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA08634A","article-title":"Novel quaternary phosphonium-type cationic polyacrylamide and elucidation of dual-functional antibacterial\/antiviral activity","volume":"4","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y., and Xiao, H. (2015). Characterization and antipathogenic evaluation of a novel quaternary phosphonium tri-polyacrylamide and elucidation of the inactivation mechanisms. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35613"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21313","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219768","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial efficiency of new polymers comprised by covalently attached and\/or electrostatically bound bacteriostatic species, based on quaternary ammonium compounds","volume":"20","author":"Kougia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6542","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.22963","article-title":"Influence of the isomeric structures of butyl acrylate on its single-electron transfer-degenerative chain transfer living radical polymerization in water catalyzed by Na2S2O4","volume":"46","author":"Coelho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201200352","article-title":"Facile synthesis of well-defined telechelic alkyne-terminated polystyrene in polar media using atrp with mixed Fe\/Cu transition metal catalyst","volume":"214","author":"Rocha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2011.566406","article-title":"Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations","volume":"51","author":"Shipp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.12.019","article-title":"Polydimethylsiloxane-polymethacrylate block copolymers tethering quaternary ammonium salt groups for antimicrobial coating","volume":"328","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201304060","article-title":"Integrated antimicrobial and nonfouling zwitterionic polymers","volume":"53","author":"Mi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201106466","article-title":"Reversibly switching the function of a surface between attacking and defending against bacteria","volume":"51","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1021\/bm500557d","article-title":"Cationic methacrylate polymers as topical antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization","volume":"15","author":"Thoma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788682325","article-title":"The roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense","volume":"15","author":"Diamond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.55.1.2","article-title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance","volume":"55","author":"Yeaman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b01162","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide mimicking primary amine and guanidine containing methacrylamide copolymers prepared by raft polymerization","volume":"16","author":"Exley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134535","article-title":"Emerging themes and therapeutic prospects for anti-infective peptides","volume":"52","author":"Yount","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3591","article-title":"Designing antimicrobial peptides: Form follows function","volume":"11","author":"Fjell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9836","DOI":"10.1021\/ja801662y","article-title":"Antimicrobial polymers prepared by romp with unprecedented selectivity: A molecular construction kit approach","volume":"130","author":"Lienkamp","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7957","DOI":"10.1021\/ja909734n","article-title":"Biophysical mimicry of lung surfactant protein b by random nylon-3 copolymers","volume":"132","author":"Dohm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1021\/bm800855t","article-title":"Synthetic mimic of antimicrobial peptide with nonmembrane-disrupting antibacterial properties","volume":"9","author":"Gabriel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00034a059","article-title":"1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine hydrochloride an attractive reagent for guanylation of amines and its application to peptide synthesis","volume":"57","author":"Bernatowicz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.1039\/C4PY00652F","article-title":"Raft-derived antimicrobial polymethacrylates: Elucidating the impact of end-groups on activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"5","author":"Michl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9735","DOI":"10.1021\/ja901613g","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships among random nylon-3 copolymers that mimic antibacterial host-defense peptides","volume":"131","author":"Mowery","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1021\/bm401128r","article-title":"Guanylated polymethacrylates: A class of potent antimicrobial polymers with low hemolytic activity","volume":"14","author":"Locock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2012.02528.x","article-title":"Resistance to antimicrobial peptides in gram-negative bacteria","volume":"330","author":"Gruenheid","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1021\/bm300033a","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic monodisperse compounds and poly(ethylene imine)s: Influence of their microstructures on the antimicrobial properties","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201300576","article-title":"Multifunctional poly(vinyl amine)s bearing azetidinium groups: One pot preparation in water and antimicrobial properties","volume":"14","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-008-3659-z","article-title":"Trimethyl chitosan and its applications in drug delivery","volume":"20","author":"Mourya","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8617(85)90037-2","article-title":"The n-permethylation of chitosan and the preparation of n-trimethyl chitosan iodide","volume":"5","author":"Muzzarelli","year":"1985","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.12.078","article-title":"New antimicrobial chitosan derivatives for wound dressing applications","volume":"141","author":"Dragostin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.12.024","article-title":"Enhanced water-solubility and antibacterial activity of novel chitosan derivatives modified with quaternary phosphonium salt","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.047","article-title":"Non-toxic o-quaternized chitosan materials with better water solubility and antimicrobial function","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.05.076","article-title":"Hydrophobically modified chitosan: A bio-based material for antimicrobial active film","volume":"42","author":"Inta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current perspectives of nanoparticles in medical and dental biomaterials","volume":"26","author":"Hamouda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"417","article-title":"Application of nanoparticles in waste water treatment","volume":"3","author":"Tiwari","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.013243","article-title":"Nanotoxicology","volume":"61","author":"Donaldson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998306067321","article-title":"Review article: Polymer-matrix nanocomposites, processing, manufacturing, and application: An overview","volume":"40","author":"Hussain","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anh, D.H., Dumri, K., Anh, N.T., Punyodom, W., and Rachtanapun, P. (2016). Facile fabrication of polyethylene\/silver nanoparticle nanocomposites with silver nanoparticles traps and holds early antibacterial effect. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43331"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madkour, T.M., Abdelazeem, E.A., Tayel, A., Mustafa, G., and Siam, R. (2016). In situ polymerization of polyurethane-silver nanocomposite foams with intact thermal stability, improved mechanical performance, and induced antimicrobial properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43125"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.12.026","article-title":"Synthesis of phenolic precursor-based porous carbon beads in situ dispersed with copper-silver bimetal nanoparticles for antibacterial applications","volume":"418","author":"Khare","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.06.028","article-title":"Antimicrobial electrospun silver-, copper- and zinc-doped polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers","volume":"299","author":"Quiros","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911515578870","article-title":"Antimicrobial polymer composites with copper micro- and nanoparticles: Effect of particle size and polymer matrix","volume":"30","author":"Palza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.058","article-title":"Applications of chitosan powder with in situ synthesized nano zno particles as an antimicrobial agent","volume":"77","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080.2015.1025302","article-title":"Synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of manganese- and iron-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S1466-6049(01)00197-0","article-title":"Influence of particle size on the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide","volume":"3","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1021\/nl052326h","article-title":"Toxicological impact studies based on Escherichia coli bacteria in ultrafine zno nanoparticles colloidal medium","volume":"6","author":"Brayner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-008-9419-7","article-title":"Toxicity of nano- and micro-sized zno particles in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.10.027","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies to combat antibiotic resistance","volume":"78","author":"Brooks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.10.028","article-title":"Antimicrobial hydrogels: A new weapon in the arsenal against multidrug-resistant infections","volume":"78","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.02.002","article-title":"Delivery of antibiotics with polymeric particles","volume":"78","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-014-1655-7","article-title":"Natural solution to antibiotic resistance: Bacteriophages \u2018the living drugs\u2019","volume":"30","author":"Jassim","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491212700103","article-title":"A review of antibiotic use in food animals: Perspective, policy, and potential","volume":"127","author":"Landers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.04.006","article-title":"Antibiotic-containing polymers for localized, sustained drug delivery","volume":"78","author":"Stebbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.05.030","article-title":"Current state on the development of nanoparticles for use against bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens. Focus on chitosan nanoparticles loaded with phenolic compounds","volume":"130","author":"Madureira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.10.027","article-title":"Delivery systems to increase the selectivity of antibiotics in phagocytic cells","volume":"125","author":"Briones","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24298","article-title":"Nanoengineered drug delivery systems for enhancing antibiotic therapy","volume":"104","author":"Kalhapure","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goganian, A.M., Hamishehkar, H., Arsalani, N., and Khiabani, H.K. (2015). Microwave-promoted synthesis of smart superporous hydrogel for the development of gastroretentive drug delivery system. Adv. Powder Technol., 34.","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.21490"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustafson, C.T., Boakye-Agyeman, F., Brinkman, C.L., Reid, J.M., Patel, R., Bajzer, Z., Dadsetan, M., and Yaszemski, M.J. (2016). Controlled delivery of vancomycin via charged hydrogels. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146401"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33371","article-title":"Soft hydrogels interpenetrating silicone\u2014A polymer network for drug-releasing medical devices","volume":"104","author":"Steffensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guadalupe, E., Ramos, D., Shelke, N.B., James, R., Gibney, C., and Kumbar, S.G. (2015). Bioactive polymeric nanofiber matrices for skin regeneration. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 132.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.41879"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9361-x","article-title":"Release and antimicrobial activity of levofloxacin from composite mats of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles fabricated by core-shell electrospinning","volume":"50","author":"Jalvandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00804","article-title":"Long-term sustained ciprofloxacin release from pmma and hydrophilic polymer blended nanofibers","volume":"13","author":"Kristl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1021\/bm049383+","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activities of novel methacrylate polymers containing norfloxacin","volume":"6","author":"Dizman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PY01704A","article-title":"Raft polymerization of ciprofloxacin prodrug monomers for the controlled intracellular delivery of antibiotics","volume":"7","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domer, J.E., and Kobayashi, G.S. (2004). Human Fungal Pathogens, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10380-7"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4236\/jcdsa.2013.31A009","article-title":"New formulations strategies in topical antifungal therapy","volume":"3","author":"Erdal","year":"2013","journal-title":"JCDSA"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.928760","article-title":"Advanced topical drug delivery system for the management of vaginal candidiasis","volume":"23","author":"Johal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00984.x","article-title":"A nonionic porphyrin as a noninterfering DNA antibacterial agent","volume":"87","author":"Mendes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3390\/v4071034","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages","volume":"4","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1039\/C3SC53186D","article-title":"Light-activated antimicrobial surfaces with enhanced efficacy induced by a dark-activated mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Noimark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1039\/c3pp50095k","article-title":"Back to the roots: Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria based on water-soluble curcumin bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone as a photosensitizer","volume":"12","author":"Winter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25390","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b07890","article-title":"Synthesis of a novel quinoline skeleton introduced cationic polyfluorene derivative for multimodal antimicrobial application","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/9\/7\/599\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:26:35Z","timestamp":1760210795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/9\/7\/599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma9070599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma9070599","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]}}}