{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:13:03Z","timestamp":1770981183495,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Structural and Investments Funds","award":["DRIVOLUTION C644913740-00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRIVOLUTION C644913740-00000022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Injection moulds are crucial to produce plastic and lightweight metal components. One primary associated challenge is that these may suffer from different types of failures, such as wear and\/or cracking, due to the extreme temperatures (T), thermal cycles, and pressures involved in the production process. According to the intended geometry and respective needs, mould manufacturing can be performed with conventional or non-conventional processes. This work focuses on three foremost alloys: AMPCO\u00ae (CuBe alloy), INVAR-36\u00ae (Fe-Ni alloys, Fe-Ni36), and heat-treated (HT) steels. An insight into the manufacturing processes\u2019 limitations of these kinds of materials will be made, and solutions for more effective machining will be presented by reviewing other published works from the last decade. The main objective is to provide a concise and comprehensive review of the most recent investigations of these alloys\u2019 manufacturing processes and present the machinability challenges from other authors, discovering the prospects for future work and contributing to the endeavours of the injection mould industry. This review highlighted the imperative for more extensive research and development in targeted domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/machines12040255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T07:09:28Z","timestamp":1712819368000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Concise Review on Materials for Injection Moulds and Their Conventional and Non-Conventional Machining Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7095-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 F. V.","family":"Pedroso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naiara P. V.","family":"Sebbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J. G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA-INEGI, Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul D. S. G.","family":"Campilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA-INEGI, Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2160-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita C. M.","family":"Sales-Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Technological College of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Centro Paula Souza, Avenida Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes, 1350 Distrito Eug\u00eanio de Melo, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12247-014, Brazil"}]},{"given":"R\u00faben D. F. S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA-INEGI, Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta L. S.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisca R.","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2011.01.074","article-title":"Increasing the wear resistance of molds for injection of glass fiber reinforced plastics","volume":"271","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2011.3772","article-title":"TiB2 nanostructured coating for GFRP injection moulds","volume":"11","author":"Martinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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