{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:19:41Z","timestamp":1776784781726,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds","award":["LA\/P\/0063\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0063\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even for the strongest human being, maintaining an elevated arm position for an extended duration represents a significant challenge, as fatigue inevitably accumulates over time. The physical strain is further intensified when the individual is engaged in repetitive tasks, particularly those involving the use of tools or heavy equipment. Such activities increase the probability of developing muscle fatigue or injuries due to overuse or improper posture. Over time, this can result in the development of chronic conditions, which may impair the individual\u2019s ability to perform tasks effectively and potentially lead to long-term physical impairment. Exoskeletons play a transformative role by reducing the perceived load on the muscles and providing mechanical support, mitigating the risk of injuries and alleviating the physical burden associated with strenuous activities. In addition to injury prevention, these devices also promise to facilitate the rehabilitation of individuals who have sustained musculoskeletal injuries. This document examines the various types of exoskeletons, investigating their design, functionality, and applications. The objective of this study is to present a comprehensive understanding of the current state of these devices, highlighting advancements in the field and evaluating their real-world impact. Furthermore, it analyzes the crucial insights obtained by other researchers, and by summarizing these findings, this work aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to enhance exoskeleton performance and expand their accessibility across different sectors, including agriculture, healthcare, industrial work, and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/machines13080642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T14:22:44Z","timestamp":1753280564000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Review on Upper-Limb Exoskeletons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2639-3813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8486-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Neves","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5307-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Tinoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Zeng, J., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Jia, N., and Wang, Z. 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