{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T14:18:01Z","timestamp":1772979481312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Individual Scientific Employment Stimulus","award":["2021.00077.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.00077.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["2023.00640.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.00640.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["2024.00925.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.00925.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) offers new opportunities for biomedical device design; however, its translation to soft-tissue reinforcement remains challenging, particularly in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) applications requiring mechanical performance and tissue compatibility. In this study, a hybrid AM approach combining melt electrowriting (MEW) and controlled post-processing was developed to fabricate biodegradable poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) (PCL) cog threads for minimally invasive pelvic reinforcement. This integrated fabrication workflow enables the precise deposition of microscale fibers via MEW followed by localized mechanical modification, offering a versatile platform for tailoring graft architecture and anchoring geometry. Smooth filaments were first produced via MEW and subsequently post-processed to introduce barbs for mechanical anchorage. The resulting structures were mechanically characterized through uniaxial tensile testing and evaluated as reinforcement elements in ex vivo sow vaginal tissue using ball burst testing. The MEW-fabricated cog threads increased the ultimate load of vaginal tissue from 83 \u00b1 20 N (control) to 126 \u00b1 15 N, corresponding to a 51.8% improvement (p = 0.0477). Compared with commercial PCL cog threads reported in the literature (177.0 \u00b1 5.4 N), the reinforced specimens achieved approximately 71% of the benchmark load. Owing to their intermediate stiffness profile, the MEW-fabricated cog threads reduced mechanical mismatch with soft tissue compared to high-stiffness commercial alternatives. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of hybrid MEW-based additive manufacturing strategies for engineering mechanically compatible, application-driven soft-tissue reinforcement systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/machines14030301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:00:02Z","timestamp":1772802002000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Melt Electrowriting-Based Hybrid Fabrication of Biodegradable Cog Threads: Design and Mechanical Evaluation for Pelvic Floor Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0569-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas Veterin\u00e1rias, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0121-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique Leon","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3566-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Telma","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7783-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Miguel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3776-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Pinheiro","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9793-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francisca","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Augusto","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Colette","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas Veterin\u00e1rias, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5016-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria (IPL), 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2889-4969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisabete","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Miller, J., Vezza, J., Mayster, M., Raffay, M., Justice, Q., Tamimi, Z.A., Hansotte, G., Sunkara, L.D., and Bernat, J. 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