{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:58:41Z","timestamp":1774627121386,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project PO-CI-01-0145-FEDER-029494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project PO-CI-01-0145-FEDER-029494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/29494\/2017, UIDB\/04131\/2020, and UIDP\/04131\/2020."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/29494\/2017, UIDB\/04131\/2020, and UIDP\/04131\/2020."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-phase induction motors (IMs) are the main workhorse in industry due to their many advantages as compared to other types of industrial motors. However, the efficiency and lifetime of IMs can be considerably affected by some operating conditions, in particular those related to unbalanced supply voltages (USV), which is quite a common condition in industrial plants. Therefore, early detection and a precise severity estimation of the USV for all working conditions can prevent major breakdowns and increase reliability and safety of industrial facilities. This paper proposes a reliable method allowing for a precise and online detection of the USV condition, by monitoring a pertinent indicator calculated using the voltage symmetrical components. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated experimentally for several different working conditions, and a comparison with other indicators available in the literature is also performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/machines9090203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T08:04:23Z","timestamp":1632211463000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Three-Phase Induction Motors Online Protection against Unbalanced Supply Voltages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7683-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Laadjal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CISE\u2014Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro, P-6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sahraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISE\u2014Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro, P-6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Electrique, Biskra (LGEB), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mohamed Khider Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Abdeldjalil","family":"Alloui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISE\u2014Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro, P-6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Mod\u00e9lisation des Syst\u00e8mes Energ\u00e9tiques (LMSE), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mohamed Khider Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8737-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J. Marques","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISE\u2014Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro, P-6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.1985.349499","article-title":"Protection of induction motors against unbalanced voltage operation","volume":"IA-21","author":"Cummings","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1049\/elp2.12008","article-title":"On the Risk of Failure to Prevent Induction Motors Permanent Damage, Due to the Short Available Time-to-Diagnosis of Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Faults","volume":"15","author":"Bento","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Electr. 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