{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T17:05:06Z","timestamp":1776359106476,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Macromol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Damage to bone tissue is a common health issue that tends to increase in severity with age and other underlying conditions. To take advantage of the piezoelectric effect on bone remodulation, piezoelectric materials can be used to fill patients bone defects. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and barium titanate (BaTiO3) are both well-known polymeric and ceramic biomaterials, respectively, as well as piezoelectric at room temperature. To mimic the extracellular matrix, PVDF membranes were produced by electrospinning onto a rotating drum to promote the alignment of fibers and micro- and nano-sized tetragonal BaTiO3 particles were embedded into these membranes to try to enhance the piezoelectric response and, therefore, bioactivity. After defining the best deposition parameters to produce pure PVDF membranes, the same parameters were carried over for the embedded membranes and both were characterized, revealing that the proposed method for obtaining \u03b2-phase PVDF (the polymer phase with highest piezoelectric coefficient) through electrospinning is viable, producing fibers with coherent diameters and alignment. The presence of barium titanate conferred bioactivity to the membranes and caused a decrease in fibers\u2019 diameter and in superficial charge density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol2040034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T06:24:42Z","timestamp":1668666282000},"page":"531-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of a Biocomposite of Electrospun PVDF Membranes with Embedded BaTiO3 Micro- and Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0139-266X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio D.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9959-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. M. R.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9258-4899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Carmo","family":"Lan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Bone metastases: An overview","volume":"11","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlickewei, C.W., Kleinertz, H., Thiesen, D.M., Mader, K., Priemel, M., Frosch, K.-H., and Keller, J. (2019). Current and Future Concepts for the Treatment of Impaired Fracture Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225805"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.12.1158","article-title":"On the Piezoelectric Effect of Bone","volume":"12","author":"Fukada","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-9977-6","article-title":"Electrically Active Bioceramics: A Review of Interfacial Responses","volume":"38","author":"Baxter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-018-0059-8","article-title":"Piezoelectric smart biomaterials for bone and cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"38","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"120280","article-title":"Electrical stimulation and piezoelectric biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"258","author":"Khare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.07.001","article-title":"Signal transduction in electrically stimulated articular chondrocytes involves translocation of extracellular calcium through voltage-gated channels","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.07.021","article-title":"Piezoelectric material\u2014A promising approach for bone and cartilage regeneration","volume":"108","author":"More","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180046","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201800463","article-title":"Advances in Piezoelectric Polymer Composites for Energy Harvesting Applications: A Systematic Review","volume":"304","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4900845","article-title":"Energy harvesting from low frequency applications using piezoelectric materials","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houis, S., Engelhardt, E., Wurm, F., and Gries, T. (2010). Application of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a biomaterial in medical textiles. Medical and Healthcare Textiles, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857090348.342"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.110587","article-title":"Functionalized BaTiO3 enhances piezoelectric effect towards cell response of bone scaffold","volume":"185","author":"Shuai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.11.015","article-title":"A comprehensive review summarizing the effect of electrospinning parameters and potential applications of nanofibers in biomedical and biotechnology","volume":"11","author":"Haider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909045","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201909045","article-title":"Piezoelectric Nano-Biomaterials for Biomedicine and Tissue Regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Kapat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liao, C., and Tjong, S.C. (2019). Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Based Fibrous Scaffolds with Piezoelectric Characteristics for Bone and Neural Tissue Engineering. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9070952"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10482","article-title":"Preparation and assessment of revised simulated body fluids","volume":"65","author":"Oyane","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00019-3","article-title":"Synthesis of biomimetic Ca-hydroxyapatite powders at 37\u00b0C in synthetic body fluids","volume":"21","author":"Tas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Infante, T.P. (2022, September 01). Tiago Pinheiro Infante Optimizing the Osteogenic Potential of Electrospun PVDF Matrixes. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10362\/92314."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"070006","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4918441","article-title":"Enhancement of \u03b2-phase in PVDF by electrospinning","volume":"1664","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., Rault, F., Lewandowski, M., Mohsenzadeh, E., and Sala\u00fcn, F. (2021). Electrospun PVDF Nanofibers for Piezoelectric Applications: A Review of the Influence of Electrospinning Parameters on the \u03b2 Phase and Crystallinity Enhancement. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13020174"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.10613","article-title":"Phase transformation to ?-poly(vinylidene fluoride) by milling","volume":"42","author":"Esterly","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Electrospinning\/electrospray of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF): Piezoelectric nanofibers","volume":"107","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2004.04.001","article-title":"Vibrational spectrum of PVDF and its interpretation","volume":"23","author":"Bormashenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/app.12267","article-title":"Determination of the crystalline phases of poly(vinylidene fluoride) under different preparation conditions using differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy","volume":"89","author":"Benz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-014-3908-y","article-title":"Thermally stimulated discharge current (TSDC) characteristics in \u03b2-phase PVDF\u2013BaTiO3 nanocomposites","volume":"117","author":"Gaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34879","article-title":"Biocompatible evaluation of barium titanate foamed ceramic structures for orthopedic applications","volume":"102","author":"Ball","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gryshkov, O., AL Halabi, F., Kuhn, A.I., Leal-Marin, S., Freund, L.J., F\u00f6rthmann, M., Meier, N., Barker, S.-A., Haastert-Talini, K., and Glasmacher, B. (2021). PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) Electrospun Scaffolds for Nerve Graft Engineering: A Comparative Study on Piezoelectric and Structural Properties, and In Vitro Biocompatibility. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111373"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9118","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR020815","article-title":"Multitracer Field Fluorometry: Accounting for Temperature and Turbidity Variability during Stream Tracer Tests","volume":"53","author":"Blaen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.04.039","article-title":"Calcium carbonate: Adored and ignored in bioactivity assessment","volume":"91","author":"Mozafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["Macromol"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-6209\/2\/4\/34\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:19:50Z","timestamp":1760145590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-6209\/2\/4\/34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["macromol2040034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/macromol2040034","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]}}}