{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:13:35Z","timestamp":1768832015248,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Egypt","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Macromol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unexpected mutations in SARS-CoV-2 produce unique variations. While numerous vaccines and antiviral medications are available for SARS-CoV-2, their use in controlling and preventing COVID-19 is restricted in some areas and countries due to accessibility and cost issues. This study investigated polysaccharides produced from two brown seaweed (Padina boergesenii and Sargassum euryphyllum) for their capacity to inhibit SARS-CoV-2. The seaweed polysaccharides were characterized and identified using ultraviolet and visible (UV\/VIS) and Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra. The polysaccharides inhibited SARS-CoV-2 propagation with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values ranging from 24.2 to 29.3 \u00b5g\/mL and cytotoxicity concentration 50% (CC50) values for Vero-E6 cells ranging from 587.7 to 396.4 \u00b5g\/mL for P. boergesenii and S. euryphyllum, respectively. P. boergesenii polysaccharide had a more substantial antiviral potential than S. euryphyllum against SARS-CoV-2 and appeared more promising. At a concentration of 575 \u00b5L\/mL of P. boergesenii polysaccharide, the virucidal mechanism was found to be the most effective, followed by viral adsorption and replication, with viral inhibition percentages of 68.6% \u00b1 0.8, 57.1% \u00b1 1.4, and 37.2 \u00b1 3, respectively, compared to remdesivir as an antiviral drug. Thus, we concluded that brown seaweed alginate polysaccharides efficiently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 from spreading by preventing viral entry. Finally, P. boergesenii polysaccharide looked promising as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol5020018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T05:28:07Z","timestamp":1744262887000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polysaccharides from Brown Seaweeds (Padina boergesenii and Sargassum euryphyllum) as Promising Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2: Characterization, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saly","family":"Gheda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Karkour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Shimaa El","family":"Shafay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"GabAllah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IATV\u2014Instituto do Ambiente, Tecnologia e Vida, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). 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