{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:53:56Z","timestamp":1762509236987,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0001","L2-3166","101007175","1\/0821\/25","UIDB\/50014\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0001","L2-3166","101007175","1\/0821\/25","UIDB\/50014\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clean Hydrogen Partnership (EU Horizon 2020)","award":["P2-0001","L2-3166","101007175","1\/0821\/25","UIDB\/50014\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0001","L2-3166","101007175","1\/0821\/25","UIDB\/50014\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic (VEGA)","award":["P2-0001","L2-3166","101007175","1\/0821\/25","UIDB\/50014\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0001","L2-3166","101007175","1\/0821\/25","UIDB\/50014\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["P2-0001","L2-3166","101007175","1\/0821\/25","UIDB\/50014\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0001","L2-3166","101007175","1\/0821\/25","UIDB\/50014\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mathematics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper presents a new control concept based on the process moment instead of the process states or the process output signal. The control scheme is based on separate control of reference tracking and disturbance rejection. The tracking control is achieved by additionally feeding the input of the process model by the scaled output signal of the process model. The advantage of such feedback is that the final state of the process output can be analytically calculated and used for control instead of the actual process output value. The disturbance rejection, including model imperfections, is controlled by feeding back the filtered difference between the process output and the model output to the process input. The performance of tracking and disturbance rejection is simply controlled by two user-defined gains. Several examples have shown that the new control method provides very good and stable tracking and disturbance rejection performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/math13020244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T09:49:17Z","timestamp":1736761757000},"page":"244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A New Closed-Loop Control Paradigm Based on Process Moments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8110-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damir","family":"Vran\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Engineering, 8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1167-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavol","family":"Bist\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Mechatronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4957-1894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikul\u00e1\u0161","family":"Huba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Mechatronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4283-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Moura Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-TEC, Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"A New VRFT Approach for IMC-PID Feedback-Feedforward Controller Design based on Robustness","volume":"53","author":"Seepana","year":"2020","journal-title":"IFAC-Pap."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2020.107049","article-title":"VRFT-based digital controller design using a generalized second-order reference model","volume":"142","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. 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