{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:25:19Z","timestamp":1771028719502,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High irradiation and the presence of xenobiotics favor the formation of reactive oxygen species in marine environments. Organisms have developed antioxidant defenses, including the accumulation of carotenoids that must be obtained from the diet. Astaxanthin is the main carotenoid in marine crustaceans where, among other functions, it scavenges free radicals thus protecting cell compounds against oxidation. Four diets with different carotenoid composition were used to culture the meiobenthic copepod Amphiascoides atopus to assess how its astaxanthin content modulates the response to prooxidant stressors. A. atopus had the highest astaxanthin content when the carotenoid was supplied as astaxanthin esters (i.e., Haematococcus meal). Exposure to short wavelength UV light elicited a 77% to 92% decrease of the astaxanthin content of the copepod depending on the culture diet. The LC50 values of A. atopus exposed to copper were directly related to the initial astaxanthin content. The accumulation of carotenoids may ascribe competitive advantages to certain species in areas subjected to pollution events by attenuating the detrimental effects of metals on survival, and possibly development and fecundity. Conversely, the loss of certain dietary items rich in carotenoids may be responsible for the amplification of the effects of metal exposure in consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md10050998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T11:08:11Z","timestamp":1335524891000},"page":"998-1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Dietary Carotenoids Regulate Astaxanthin Content of Copepods and Modulate Their Susceptibility to UV Light and Copper Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maria-Jos\u00e9","family":"Caramujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla C. C. R.","family":"De Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Soraya J.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oceanologia y Ciencias Costeras, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Km 11 Carretera Panamericana, Altos de Pipe, Estado Miranda, Venezuela"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Carman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foote, C.S. (1995). Active Oxygen in Chemistry, Blackle Academic and Professional.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0874-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehead, R.F., de Mora, S.J., and Demers, S. (2000). Enhanced UV Radiation\u2014A New Problem for the Marine environment, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511535444.002"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"123","article-title":"Radical Production and Scavenging in the Chloroplasts","volume":"5","author":"Baker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photosynthesis and the Environment"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5587","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.20.5587","article-title":"Oxidative stress inhibits the repair of photodamage to the photosynthetic machinery","volume":"20","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(95)02091-8","article-title":"Production of reactive oxygen species by hemocytes from the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis: Lysosomal localization and effect of xenobiotics","volume":"113","author":"Winston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00212365","article-title":"The detection of pollutant impact in marine environments: Condition index, oxidative DNA damage, and their associations with metal bioaccumulation in the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea commercialis","volume":"31","author":"Avery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18025.x","article-title":"Strategies of antioxidant defense","volume":"215","author":"Sies","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(91)90084-A","article-title":"Potential effects of UV-B on the chemical environment of marine organisms: A review","volume":"70","author":"Palenik","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.68.040104.110001","article-title":"Oxidative stress in marine environments: Biochemistry and physiological ecology","volume":"68","author":"Lesser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Blaustein, M.P., Greger, R., Grunicke, H., John, R., Mendell, L.M., Pette, D., Schultz, G., and Schweiger, M. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Springer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"330","article-title":"Effect of UV-B on photosynthesis, membrane lipids and MAAs in marine cyanobacterium, Phormidium corium (Agardh) Gomont","volume":"44","author":"Bhandari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.6.1521","article-title":"Inactivation of key metabolic enzymes by mixed function oxidation reactions: Possible implication in protein turnover and ageing","volume":"80","author":"Fucci","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3","article-title":"Oxidative stress in bacteria and protein damage by reactive oxygen species","volume":"3","author":"Cabiscol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7072745","article-title":"Chelation in metal intoxication","volume":"7","author":"Flora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/10715769900300841","article-title":"Antioxidant defence mechanisms: From the beginning to the end (of the beginning)","volume":"31","author":"Halliwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6905","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15106905","article-title":"Natural antioxidants: Fascinating or mythical biomolecules?","volume":"15","author":"Ndhlala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199163010123","article-title":"Carotenoids in photosynthesis: Absorption, transfer and dissipation of light energy","volume":"63","author":"Mimuro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.4.8647339","article-title":"Carotenoids 3: In vivo function of carotenoids in higher plants","volume":"10","author":"Gilmore","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwin, T.W. (1980). The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids, Volume 1: Plants, Chapman and Hall.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5860-9"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1016\/00404-0399(50)0881C-","article-title":"Thermozeaxanthins, new carotenoid-glycoside-esters from thermophilic eubacterium Thermus thermophilus","volume":"36","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.7.3052-3057.2000","article-title":"Extremely halophilic bacteria in crystallizer ponds from solar salterns","volume":"66","author":"Amann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"26","article-title":"Low astaxanthin levels in the Baltic salmon exhibiting the M74 syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Petterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Fish. Soc. Symp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2004.07.003","article-title":"Astaxanthin production in marine pelagic copepods grazing on two different phytoplankton diets","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwin, T.W. (1984). The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids, Chapman and Hall. [2nd].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5542-4"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1444-2906.2001.00323.x","article-title":"Aquatic animal carotenoids","volume":"67","author":"Matsuno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09670269500650961","article-title":"Inhibition of astaxanthin synthesis in the green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis","volume":"30","author":"Harker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005445927433","article-title":"Singlet oxygen quenching ability of astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis","volume":"21","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(82)90219-X","article-title":"Carotenoids of Temora turbinata, Centropages furcatus, Undinula vulgaris and Euchaeta russelli","volume":"72","author":"Bandaranayake","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02535085","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of beta-carotene-related carotenoids in solution","volume":"24","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.3.971","article-title":"Photoprotection by carotenoid pigment in the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis","volume":"73","author":"Hairston","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1979.24.1.0015","article-title":"The adaptive significance of color polymorphism in two species of Diaptomus Copepoda","volume":"24","author":"Hairston","year":"1979","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0525","article-title":"Plasticity in pigmentation induced by conflicting threats from predation and UV radiation","volume":"85","author":"Hansson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349123","article-title":"Survival and sex ratios of the intertidal copepod, Tigriopus californicus, following ultraviolet-B (290-320 nm) radiation exposure","volume":"123","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1979.24.6.1104","article-title":"Midultraviolet (UV-B) sensitivity of Acartia clausii Giesbrecht (Copepoda)","volume":"24","author":"Karanas","year":"1979","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/16.3.205","article-title":"The impact of short-term exposure to UV-B radiation on zooplankton communities in north temperate lakes","volume":"16","author":"Williamson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"91","article-title":"Aspects of red pigmentation in zooplankton, especially copepods","volume":"3","author":"Ringelberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. Spec. Symp."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbh021","article-title":"Changes in carotenoid composition in different developmental stages of copepods: Pseudocalanus acuspes Giesbrecht and Acartia spp","volume":"26","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"848","article-title":"Interrelations between Free Radicals and Metal Ions in Life Processes","volume":"36","author":"Sigel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metal Ions in Biological Systems"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(97)00007-X","article-title":"Carotenoids and protection of phospholipids in solution or in liposomes against oxidation by peroxyl radicals: Relationship between carotenoid structure and protective ability","volume":"1336","author":"Woodall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"423","article-title":"Carotenoid scavenging of radicals\u2014Effect of carotenoid structure and oxygen oartial-pressure on antioxidative activity","volume":"196","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Z. Lebensm. Unters. F"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3354\/meps276299","article-title":"Diet-dependent UVAR and UVBR resistance in the high shore harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis","volume":"276","author":"Davenport","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3354\/meps137071","article-title":"Feeding selectivity of the harpacticoid copepod Canuella perplexa in benthic muddy environments demonstrated by HPLC analyses of chlorin and carotenoid pigments","volume":"137","author":"Castel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3354\/meps254213","article-title":"Pigment transfer from phytoplankton to zooplankton with emphasis on astaxanthin production in the Baltic Sea food web","volume":"254","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i73","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbl068","article-title":"Dietary effects on carotenoid composition in the marine harpacticoid copepod Nitokra lacustris","volume":"29","author":"Rhodes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenz, R.T. (1999). Cyanotech Corporation.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-1762(00)87118-7"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-004-0905-8","article-title":"Fatty acid selectivity of microbial lipase and lipolytic enzymes from salmonid fish intestines toward astaxanthin diesters","volume":"81","author":"Halldorsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(81)83094-4","article-title":"Optical purity of (3S,3\u2032S)-astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis","volume":"20","author":"Borch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbp016","article-title":"Decreased astaxanthin at high feeding rates in the calanoid copepod Acartia bifilosa","volume":"31","author":"Holeton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenz, R.T. (1999). Cyanotech Corporation.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-1762(00)87118-7"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(76)90262-5","article-title":"The carotenoids in the deep sea red crab, Geryon quinquedens","volume":"54","author":"Kuo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(97)00006-8","article-title":"Oxidation of carotenoids by free radicals: Relationship between structure and reactivity","volume":"1336","author":"Woodall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(91)80266-K","article-title":"The singlet oxygen and carotenoid interaction","volume":"11","author":"Conn","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769609149073","article-title":"Kinetics of parallel electron transfer from \u03b2-carotene to phenoxyl radical and adduct formation between phenoxyl radical and \u03b2-carotene","volume":"25","author":"Mortensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00154-3","article-title":"The role of solar UVR in the ecology of alpine lakes","volume":"62","author":"Sommaruga","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3354\/meps319167","article-title":"Astaxanthin in the calanoid copepod Calanus helgolandicus: Dynamics of esterification and vertical distribution in the German Bight, North Sea","volume":"319","author":"Sommer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.02.004","article-title":"Biologic activity of carotenoids related to distinct membrane physicochemical interactions","volume":"101","author":"McNulty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Gruszecki, W.I., Frank, H.A., Young, A.J., Britton, G., and Cogdell, R.J. (1999). The Photochemistry of Carotenoids, Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.68.2.127","article-title":"Water and nonelectrolyte permeability of lipid bilayer membranes","volume":"68","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(93)90084-D","article-title":"Accessibility of spin-labeled phospholipids in anionic and zwitterionic bilayer membranes to paramagnetic relaxation agents. Continuous wave power saturation EPR studies","volume":"1150","author":"Snel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620200626","article-title":"Synergistic effects of a photooxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and copper on photosynthesis and plant growth: Evidence that in vivo formation of reactive oxygen species is a mechanism of copper toxicity","volume":"20","author":"Babu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Packer, L., and Cadenas, E. (2001). Handbook of Antioxidants, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203904046"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.7.1800","article-title":"Depletion of alpha-tocopherol and astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects autoxidative defense and fatty acid metabolism","volume":"130","author":"Bell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1897\/06-397R.1","article-title":"Mixtures of metals and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons elicit complex, nonadditive toxicological interactions in meiobenthic copepods","volume":"26","author":"Fleeger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20289","article-title":"Acute toxicities of trace metals and common xenobiotics to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus: Evaluation of its use as a benchmark species for routine ecotoxicity tests in Western Pacific coastal regions","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(82)90368-X","article-title":"Differentiation of the sensitivity to copper and cadmium in different life stages of a copepod","volume":"113","author":"Verriopoulos","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2002). Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2004). Standard Guide for Conducting Renewal Microplate-Based Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with a Marine Meiobenthic Copepod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1071\/MF08122","article-title":"Copper effects in the copepod Tigriopus angulatus Lang, 1933: Natural broad tolerance allows maintenance of food webs in copper-enriched coastal areas","volume":"59","author":"Medina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2007.04.005","article-title":"The copepod Tigriopus: A promising marine model organism for ecotoxicology and environmental genomics","volume":"83","author":"Raisuddin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(78)90378-8","article-title":"Use of a harpacticoid copepod in toxicity tests","volume":"9","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"479","article-title":"Influence of different essential and non-essential metals on MTLP levels in the copepod Tigriopus brevicornis","volume":"128","author":"Barkaa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Phys. C"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3354\/meps044059","article-title":"Copper tolerance of the life history stages of the splashpool copepod Tigriopus californicus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)","volume":"44","author":"Feldmen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2005.02.036","article-title":"2005. Toxicity of antifouling biocides to the intertidal harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus (Crustacea, Copepoda): Effects of temperature and salinity","volume":"51","author":"Leung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.03.026","article-title":"Copper toxicity in the marine copepod Tigropus japonicus: Low variability and high reproducibility of repeated acute and life-cycle tests","volume":"57","author":"Kwok","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2009.03.004","article-title":"Short-term toxicity tests on the harpacticoid copepod Tisbe battagliai: Lethal and reproductive endpoints","volume":"72","author":"Diz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"117","article-title":"Description of Amphiascoides atopus, a new species (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from a mass culture system","volume":"108","author":"Lotufo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(95)01064-5","article-title":"Sustained mass culture of Amphiascoides atopus a marine harpacticoid copepod in a recirculating system","volume":"136","author":"Sun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02320456","article-title":"Characterization and purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and counter current chromatography","volume":"39","author":"Bousquet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Nanton, D.A., and Castell, J.D. (1997). Mass Culture of the Harpacticoid Copepod, Tisbe sp."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(82)90027-X","article-title":"The cleavage of carotenoid esters by cholesterol esterase","volume":"72","author":"Jacobs","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1992.00708.x","article-title":"Separation of chlorophylls c1c2, and c3 of marine phytoplankton by reversed-phase C18 high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"28","author":"Kraay","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"380","article-title":"The ecology of marine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods","volume":"21","author":"Hicks","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/10\/5\/998\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:01Z","timestamp":1760219401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/10\/5\/998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["md10050998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md10050998","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]}}}