{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T20:09:28Z","timestamp":1774901368411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of poisoning events due to harmful algal blooms (HABs) has declined during the last two decades through monitoring programs and legislation, implemented mainly for bivalves. However, new toxin vectors and emergent toxins pose a challenge to public health. Several locations on the Portuguese coast were surveyed between 2009 and 2010 for three distinct biotoxin groups [saxitoxin (PST), spirolide (SPX) and okadaic acid (OA)], in 14 benthic species of mollusks and echinoderms. Our main goals were to detect new vectors and unravel the seasonal and geographical patterns of these toxins. PSTs were analyzed by the Lawrence method, SPXs by LC-MS\/MS, and OA by LC-MS\/MS and UPLC-MS\/MS. We report 16 new vectors for these toxins in the North Atlantic. There were differences in toxin contents among species, but no significant geographical or seasonal patterns were found. Our results suggest that legislation should be adjusted to extend the monitoring of marine toxins to a wider range of species besides edible bivalves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md11061936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T12:40:57Z","timestamp":1370436057000},"page":"1936-1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["New Invertebrate Vectors for PST, Spirolides and Okadaic Acid in the North Atlantic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marisa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre,  Porto 4619-007, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2014CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto,  Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Barreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre,  Porto 4619-007, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2014CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto,  Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela,  Lugo 27002, Spain"}]},{"given":"Paz","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela,  Lugo 27002, Spain"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2014CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto,  Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Health and Technology of Porto, Vila Nova de Gaia 4400-330, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Amparo","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela,  Lugo 27002, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Botana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela,  Lugo 27002, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre,  Porto 4619-007, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2014CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto,  Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Algal blooms are not a simple toxic broth","volume":"24","author":"Hallegraeff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Search"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2005.49","article-title":"The global, complex phenomena of harmful algal blooms","volume":"18","author":"Glibert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Taylor, D.L., and Seliger, H.H. (1979). Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.01.004","article-title":"Paralytic shellfish poisoning due to ingestion of Gymnodinium catenatum contaminated cockles\u2014Application of the AOAC HPLC official method","volume":"59","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"365","article-title":"Mussel poisoning","volume":"2","author":"Meyer","year":"1928","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudnell, H.K. (2008). Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of Science and Research Needs, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-75865-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00247-5","article-title":"Esters of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 in Portuguese bivalves related to human poisonings","volume":"37","author":"Vale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040878","article-title":"Marine toxins: Chemistry, toxicity, occurrence and detection, with special reference to the Dutch situation","volume":"2","author":"Gerssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/md6020308","article-title":"Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning","volume":"6","author":"Deeds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"623","article-title":"A compendium of the responses of bivalve molluscs to toxic dinoflagellates","volume":"7","author":"Gainey","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Shellfish Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10641269509388565","article-title":"Phycotoxin-related shellfish poisoning: Bivalve molluscs are not the only vectors","volume":"3","author":"Shumway","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"216","article-title":"Um caso raro de intoxica\u00e7\u00e3o alimentar colectiva","volume":"3","author":"Correia","year":"1946","journal-title":"Bol. Inst. Super. Hig. Doutor Ricardo Jorge"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2007.05.002","article-title":"Two decades of marine biotoxin monitoring in bivalves from Portugal (1986\u20132006): A review of exposure assessment","volume":"7","author":"Vale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European commission on marine biotoxins in shellfish\u2014Saxitoxin Group","volume":"1019","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1995.0177","article-title":"Cyanobacterial toxins: Occurrence, properties and biological significance","volume":"32","author":"Codd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.003","article-title":"Analyses of paralytic shellfish toxins and biomarkers in a southern Brazilian reservoir","volume":"55","author":"Clemente","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.8.3104-3110.1997","article-title":"Evidence for paralytic shellfish poisons in the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) comb. nov","volume":"63","author":"Carmichael","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02285-09","article-title":"Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin-producing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in northeast Germany","volume":"76","author":"Ballot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I., and Bartram, J. (1999). Toxin Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management, WHO E & FN Spon.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203478073"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Regulation (EC) No. 853\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin. Available online:http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8724","DOI":"10.1021\/jo0608873","article-title":"Biosyntheis of 13-desmethyl spirolid C by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii","volume":"71","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1021\/np050220w","article-title":"Spirolides isolated of the danish strains of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii","volume":"69","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botana, L.M. (2008). Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection, CRC Press (Taylor and Francys Group). [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420007541"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2010.01.008","article-title":"Production of pinnatoxins by a peridinoid dinoflagellate isolated from Northland, New Zealand","volume":"9","author":"Rhodes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7671","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4039(96)01721-2","article-title":"Characterization of biologically inactive spirolides E and F: Identification of the spirolide pharmacophore","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1039\/c39950002159","article-title":"Spirolides B and D, two novel macrocycles isolated from the digestive glands of shellfish","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1021\/np000416q","article-title":"Characterization of spirolides a, c, and 13-desmethyl c, new marine toxins isolated from toxic plankton and contaminated shellfish","volume":"64","author":"Hu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/0967026031000096227","article-title":"Discrimination of the toxigenic dinoflagellate species Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium ostenfeldii in co-occuring natural populations from Scottish coastal waters","volume":"38","author":"John","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2005.06.015","article-title":"Identification and enumeration of Alexandrium spp. from the Gulf of Maine using molecular probes","volume":"54","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. II"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1021\/tx049706n","article-title":"Detection and identification of spirolides in Norwegian shellfish and plankton","volume":"18","author":"Aasen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.02.003","article-title":"Toxin profile of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) from the Northern Adriatic Sea revealed by liquid chromatography-mass spectometry","volume":"47","author":"Ciminiello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/md504168","article-title":"Report on the first detection of pectenotoxin-2, spirolide a and their derivatives in French shellfish","volume":"5","author":"Amzil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1068","article-title":"First evidence of spirolides in Spanish shellfish","volume":"48","author":"Botana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.014","article-title":"First identification of azaspiracid and spirolides in Mesodesma donacium and Mulinia edulis from Northern Chile","volume":"55","author":"Uribe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7093","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4039(95)01434-J","article-title":"Gimnodimine, a new marine toxin of unprecedented structure isolated from New Zealand oysters and the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium sp","volume":"36","author":"Seki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.04.001","article-title":"Morphogenetic diversity and biotoxin composition of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) in Irish coastal waters","volume":"7","author":"Touzet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.05.034","article-title":"First direct fluorescence polarization assay for the detection and quantification of spirolides in mussel samples","volume":"701","author":"Otero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1628","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish\u2014Cyclic imines (spirolides, gymnodimines, pinnatoxins and pteriatoxins)","volume":"8","author":"Alexander","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2560283","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of a marine sponge toxin, okadaic acid, on protein phosphatases","volume":"256","author":"Bialojan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.03.041","article-title":"Shellfish consumption: A major risk factor for colorectal cancer","volume":"70","author":"Maneiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3390\/md6040587","article-title":"Detection of diarrheic shellfish poisoning and azaspiracid toxins in moroccan mussels: Comparison of the LC-MS method with the commercial immunoassay kit","volume":"6","author":"Elgarch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.30.287","article-title":"Metabolic transformation of dinophysistoxin-3 into dinophysistoxin-1 causes human intoxication by consumption of O-acyl-derivatives dinophysistoxins contaminated shellfish","volume":"30","author":"Garcia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)85023-X","article-title":"Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in the UK","volume":"352","author":"Scoging","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.44.1249","article-title":"Occurrence of a new type of shellfish poisoning in tohoku district","volume":"44","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.12.001","article-title":"Pectenotoxin and okadaic acid-based toxin profiles in Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis acuminata from New Zealand","volume":"4","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1039\/c39950000597","article-title":"Identification of DTX-4, a new water-soluble phosphatase inhibitor from the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3354\/ame017301","article-title":"On the presence of Phalacroma rotundatum in the southern Adriatic Sea (Italy)","volume":"17","author":"Caroppo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2983\/0730-8000(2007)26[1081:RBTCOD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Relation between the concentration of Dinophysis acuminata and diarrheic shellfish poisoning toxins in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) during a toxic episode in the Limfjord (Denmark), 2006","volume":"26","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Shellfish Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2009.03.002","article-title":"Dynamics of potentially harmful microalgae in a confined Mediterranean Gulf\u2014Assessing the risk of bloom formation","volume":"8","author":"Spatharis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"115","article-title":"Common topshells: An introduction to the biology of Osilinus lineatus with notes on other species in the genus","volume":"10","author":"Crothers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Field Stud."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Kennish, M.J. (2001). The Ecology of Seashores, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"245","article-title":"Feeding behaviour of Paracentrotus lividus in the presence of Caulerpa taxifolia introduced in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"19","author":"Boudouresque","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400006147","article-title":"The ecology of Echinus esculentus L. Quantitative distribution and rate of feeding","volume":"38","author":"Forster","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"167","article-title":"Aplysia: Its biology and ecology","volume":"25","author":"Carefoot","year":"1987","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00171-9","article-title":"Possible source of tetrodotoxin in the starfish Astropecten scoparius","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.10.019","article-title":"Hydrolysis of hydroxybenzoate saxitoxin analogues originating from Gymnodium catenatum","volume":"125","author":"Vale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.48.563","article-title":"Studies on paralytic shellfish poisoning in ofunato bay. 1. The occurrence of protogonyaulax spp in Ofunato Bay, in association with the toxification of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis","volume":"48","author":"Ogata","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.04.014","article-title":"Remarkable difference in accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins among bivalve species exposed to Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum bloom in Masinloc bay, Philippines","volume":"48","author":"Montojo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1444-2906.2001.00228.x","article-title":"Accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalves and an ascidian fed on Alexandrium tamarense cells","volume":"67","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs1956.33.50","article-title":"Studies on the conversion of paralytic shellfish poison (Psp) components by biochemical reducing agents","volume":"33","author":"Asakawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eisei Kagaku"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Lassus, P., Arzul, G., Erard, E., Gentien, P., and Marcaillou, C. (1995). Harmful Marine Algal Blooms, Lavoisier Intercept Ltd."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.69.895","article-title":"Marine toxins","volume":"69","author":"Noguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Yasumoto, T., Oshima, Y., and Fukuyo, Y. (1996). Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms, Intergovernmental Oceanic Comission of UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00216-4","article-title":"Occurrence of paralytic shellfish poison in the starfish Asterias amurensis in Kure Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan","volume":"35","author":"Asakawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00161-X","article-title":"Paralytic toxins in Taiwanese starfish Astropecten scoparius","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Brusca, R.C., and Brusca, G.J. (2002). Invertebrates, Sinauer Associates, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/88.6.1714","article-title":"Quantitative determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish using prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: Collaborative study","volume":"88","author":"Lawrence","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1380","article-title":"New protocol to obtain spirolides from Alexandrium ostenfeldii cultures with high recovery and purity","volume":"24","author":"Otero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.04.014","article-title":"Comparative analysis of pre- and post-column oxidation methods for detection of paralytic shellfish toxins","volume":"56","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200732m","article-title":"Effect of uncontrolled factors in a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method question its use as a reference method for marine toxins: Major causes for concern","volume":"83","author":"Otero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Guisande, C.G., Vaamonde, A.L., and Barreiro, A. (2011). Tratamiento de datos con R, Statistica y SPSS, D\u00edaz de Santos."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/11\/6\/1936\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:12Z","timestamp":1760219232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/11\/6\/1936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["md11061936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md11061936","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]]}}}