{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T20:25:32Z","timestamp":1773260732473,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":236,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/95446\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/95446\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)"},{"name":"Programa Operacional de Potencial Humano (POPH)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-ADG-2014-669858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-ADG-2014-669858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oceans are a vast source of natural substances. In them, we find various compounds with wide biotechnological and biomedical applicabilities. The exploitation of the sea as a renewable source of biocompounds can have a positive impact on the development of new systems and devices for biomedical applications. Marine polysaccharides are among the most abundant materials in the seas, which contributes to a decrease of the extraction costs, besides their solubility behavior in aqueous solvents and extraction media, and their interaction with other biocompounds. Polysaccharides such as alginate, carrageenan and fucoidan can be extracted from algae, whereas chitosan and hyaluronan can be obtained from animal sources. Most marine polysaccharides have important biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as adhesive and antimicrobial actions. Moreover, they can be modified in order to allow processing them into various shapes and sizes and may exhibit response dependence to external stimuli, such as pH and temperature. Due to these properties, these biomaterials have been studied as raw material for the construction of carrier devices for drugs, including particles, capsules and hydrogels. The devices are designed to achieve a controlled release of therapeutic agents in an attempt to fight against serious diseases, and to be used in advanced therapies, such as gene delivery or regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md14020034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T10:06:16Z","timestamp":1454666776000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":269,"title":["Marine Origin Polysaccharides in Drug Delivery Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7578-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group\u2014Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark\u2014Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8234-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group\u2014Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark\u2014Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group\u2014Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark\u2014Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00053-X","article-title":"The bioprocess-technological potential of the sea","volume":"70","author":"Pomponi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mano, J.F. (2012). Biomimetic Approaches for Biomaterials Development, Wiley-VCH Verlag.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527652273"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00052-8","article-title":"The discovery and development of marine compounds with pharmaceutical potential","volume":"70","author":"Munro","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2487","article-title":"Drug development from marine natural products","volume":"8","author":"Molinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(00)00292-8","article-title":"Marine organisms as a source of new anticancer agents","volume":"2","author":"Schwartsmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00001813-200404000-00003","article-title":"Progress in the clinical development of new marine-derived anticancer compounds","volume":"15","author":"Jimeno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/md12010255","article-title":"Marine-sourced anti-cancer and cancer pain control agents in clinical and late preclinical development","volume":"12","author":"Newman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1128(200001)20:1<1::AID-MED1>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Antitumor compounds from tunicates","volume":"20","author":"Rinehart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/md10050963","article-title":"Bioactive peptides and depsipeptides with anticancer potential: Sources from Marine Animals","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"S15","article-title":"A clinical armamentarium of marine-derived anti-cancer compounds","volume":"13","author":"Jimeno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1977","article-title":"Ecteinascidin-743, a new marine natural product with potent antitumor activity on human ovarian carcinoma xenografts","volume":"4","author":"Valoti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.3390\/md8092435","article-title":"Marine polysaccharides in pharmaceutical applications: An Overview","volume":"8","author":"Laurienzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3390\/md9091664","article-title":"Marine polysaccharides: A source of bioactive molecules for cell therapy and tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Senni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.036","article-title":"Sulfated polysaccharides as bioactive agents from marine algae","volume":"62","author":"Ngo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2009.03.005","article-title":"Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds","volume":"64","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.10.062","article-title":"Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae","volume":"84","author":"Wijesekara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2010.08.004","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds. A kinetic approach","volume":"25","author":"Barahona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710791556069","article-title":"Overview of anticoagulant activity of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds in relation to their structures, focusing on those of green seaweeds","volume":"17","author":"Ciancia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/214186","article-title":"Anticancer drugs from marine flora: An Overview","volume":"2010","author":"Kathiresan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3390\/md9071187","article-title":"Antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides isolated from sphaerococcus coronopifolius (rhodophytha, gigartinales) and boergeseniella thuyoides (rhodophyta, ceramiales)","volume":"9","author":"Bouhlal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2174\/187152812800392797","article-title":"Potential targets for anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of marine algae: An Overview","volume":"11","author":"Vo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwm014","article-title":"A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and antiadhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds","volume":"17","author":"Cumashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13092069","article-title":"Marine derived polysaccharides for biomedical applications: Chemical modification approaches","volume":"13","author":"Malinconico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095833","article-title":"Drug delivery systems: Entering the mainstream","volume":"303","author":"Allen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.033","article-title":"Nanoparticle and targeted systems for cancer therapy","volume":"64","author":"Blanchette","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1066","article-title":"Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4161\/biom.22947","article-title":"Marine algae sulfated polysaccharides for tissue engineering and drug delivery approaches","volume":"2","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomatter"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14011629","article-title":"Biopolymer-based nanoparticles for drug\/gene delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"Nitta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003","article-title":"Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.16-1908","article-title":"Quantitative determination of uronic acid compositions of alginates","volume":"16","author":"Haug","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-120003853","article-title":"Alginate in drug delivery systems","volume":"28","author":"Tonnesen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200700355","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive polymeric systems for biomedical applications","volume":"10","author":"Mano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.017","article-title":"Polyionic hydrocolloids for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs: Alginate and chitosan\u2014A review","volume":"114","author":"George","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.02.002","article-title":"A novel pH-sensitive hydrogel composed of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan and alginate cross-linked by genipin for protein drug delivery","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.007","article-title":"Protein release from alginate matrices","volume":"64","author":"Gombotz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14072602","article-title":"Polymeric plant-derived excipients in drug delivery","volume":"14","author":"Beneke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.012","article-title":"Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery\u2014A promising option for orally less efficient drugs","volume":"114","author":"Sudhakar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(94)90432-4","article-title":"Biopharmaceutical evaluation of new prolonged-release press-coated ibuprofen tablets containing sodium alginate to adjust drug-release","volume":"107","author":"Sirkia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.12.019","article-title":"Preparation of dual crosslinked alginate-chitosan blend gel beads and in vitro controlled release in oral site-specific drug delivery system","volume":"336","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(98)00196-5","article-title":"In vitro release modulation from crosslinked pellets for site-specific drug delivery to the gastrointestinal tract: I. Comparison of pH-responsive drug release and associated kinetics","volume":"59","author":"Pillay","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(98)00197-7","article-title":"In vitro release modulation from crosslinked pellets for site-specific drug delivery to the gastrointestinal tract: II. Physicochemical characterization of calcium-alginate, calcium-pectinate and calcium-alginate-pectinate pellets","volume":"59","author":"Pillay","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.06.009","article-title":"Ca2+ ion cross-linked interpenetrating network matrix tablets of polyacrylamide-grafted-sodium alginate and sodium alginate for sustained release of diltiazem hydrochloride","volume":"82","author":"Mandal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1021\/bm700565h","article-title":"Effect of cross-linking with calcium ions on the physical properties of alginate films","volume":"8","author":"Russo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303405x","article-title":"On-chip assessment of the protein-release profile from 3D hydrogel arrays","volume":"85","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1208\/pt010319","article-title":"Evaluation of alginate compressed matrices as prolonged drug delivery systems","volume":"1","author":"Giunchedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.08.002","article-title":"Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery","volume":"60","author":"Hamidi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200600069","article-title":"Alginate hydrogels as biomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Augst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1021\/cr000108x","article-title":"Hydrogels for tissue engineering","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8617(94)90159-7","article-title":"Alginic acid gels: The effect of alginate chemical composition and molecular weight","volume":"25","author":"Draget","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3776","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Mura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12391","DOI":"10.1021\/la502822v","article-title":"Microfluidic production of perfluorocarbon-alginate core-shell microparticles for ultrasound therapeutic applications","volume":"30","author":"Duarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm00901f","article-title":"Bioinspired methodology to fabricate hydrogel spheres for multi-applications using superhydrophobic substrates","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201500192","article-title":"Superhydrophobic surfaces as a tool for the fabrication of hierarchical spherical polymeric carriers","volume":"11","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1021\/la500286v","article-title":"Biocompatible polymeric microparticles produced by a simple biomimetic approach","volume":"30","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1321-8","article-title":"Non-viral gene therapy: Polycation-mediated DNA delivery","volume":"62","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1775","article-title":"Design and development of polymers for gene delivery","volume":"4","author":"Pack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.001","article-title":"Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00228-4","article-title":"Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue","volume":"55","author":"Panyam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.03.001","article-title":"Delivering DNA from photocrosslinked, surface eroding polyanhydrides","volume":"97","author":"Quick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32441","article-title":"Calcium phosphate-DNA nanoparticle gene delivery from alginate hydrogels induces in vivo osteogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Krebs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1836","article-title":"Layer-by-layer-assembled capsules and films for therapeutic delivery","volume":"6","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2006.11.007","article-title":"Hollow chitosan-alginate multilayer microcapsules as drug delivery vehicle: Doxorubicin loading and in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanomed. NBM"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B218","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201080138","article-title":"Liquefied capsules coated with multilayered polyelectrolyte films for cell immobilization","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.11.061","article-title":"Designing biomaterials for tissue engineering based on the deconstruction of the native cellular environment","volume":"141","author":"Mano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13898","DOI":"10.1021\/la503684k","article-title":"Robust, flexible, and bioadhesive free-standing films for the co-delivery of antibiotics and growth factors","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1021\/bm400314s","article-title":"Free-standing polyelectrolyte membranes made of chitosan and alginate","volume":"14","author":"Caridade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200502444","article-title":"Freestanding nanostructures via layer-by-layer assembly","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200901035","article-title":"Free-standing biodegradable poly(lactic acid) nanosheet for sealing operations in surgery","volume":"21","author":"Okamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200900103","article-title":"Adhesive, flexible, and robust polysaccharide nanosheets integrated for tissue-defect repair","volume":"19","author":"Fujie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700661","article-title":"Ubiquitous transference of a free-standing polysaccharide nanosheet with the development of a nano-adhesive plaster","volume":"19","author":"Fujie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1021\/bm501156v","article-title":"Tailored freestanding multilayered membranes based on chitosan and alginate","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60393h","article-title":"Polyelectrolyte multilayered assemblies in biomedical technologies","volume":"43","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.09.016","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of alginate-chitosan microspheres for oral delivery of insulin","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.652614","article-title":"Production methodologies of polymeric and hydrogel particles for drug delivery applications","volume":"9","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(00)00339-4","article-title":"Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices","volume":"70","author":"Soppimath","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00173-8","article-title":"Microencapsulation of lipophilic drugs in chitosan-coated alginate microspheres","volume":"187","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.06.011","article-title":"Physically crosslinked alginate\/N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels with calcium for oral delivery of protein drugs","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19981212)70:11<2143::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Chitosan polyethylene glycol alginate microcapsules for oral delivery of hirudin","volume":"70","author":"Chandy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.09.020","article-title":"Thermo- and pH-responsive polymers in drug delivery","volume":"58","author":"Schmaljohann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200600164","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on polysaccharides incorporated with thermo-responsive polymers as novel biomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Prabaharan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30907","article-title":"Chitosan coated alginate beads containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for dual-stimuli-responsive drug release","volume":"84","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9367-4","article-title":"Alginate\/chitosan nanoparticles are effective for oral insulin delivery","volume":"24","author":"Sarmento","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1021\/bm301833z","article-title":"Multilayered hierarchical capsules providing cell adhesion sites","volume":"14","author":"Correia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1039\/C2SM26784E","article-title":"Liquified chitosan-alginate multilayer capsules incorporating poly(l-lactic acid) microparticles as cell carriers","volume":"9","author":"Correia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2378","article-title":"Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials","volume":"57","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.12.008","article-title":"Carrageenan and its applications in drug delivery","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-100102178","article-title":"Matrix tablets of carrageenans. I. A compaction study","volume":"25","author":"Picker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.07.010","article-title":"Anticoagulant activity, paw edema and pleurisy induced carrageenan: Action of major types of commercial carrageenans","volume":"79","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2003.12.002","article-title":"In vivo antitumor and immunomodulation activities of different molecular weight lambda-carrageenans from Chondrus ocellatus","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"209","article-title":"Blood cholesterol and lipid-lowering effects of carrageenan on human volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Panlasigui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-006-9121-z","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides from brown and red seaweeds","volume":"19","author":"Marques","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(99)00038-8","article-title":"Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structural types","volume":"43","author":"Carlucci","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.01.020","article-title":"Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis\u2014A review","volume":"77","author":"Campo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1862","article-title":"Anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds from algae and cyanobacteria","volume":"45","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.07.001","article-title":"Protective effect of a natural carrageenan on genital herpes simplex virus infection in mice","volume":"64","author":"Carlucci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.01.067","article-title":"Carrageenan: A natural seaweed polysaccharide and its applications","volume":"105","author":"Prajapati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2004.05.007","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of carrageenan as excipient for extrusion\/spheronisation","volume":"59","author":"Bornhoft","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(97)00175-2","article-title":"On the employment of lambda carrageenan in a matrix system. III. Optimization of a lambda carrageenan-HPMC hydrophilic matrix","volume":"51","author":"Bonferoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911507078519","article-title":"pH-sensitive IPN hydrogel beads of carrageenan-alginate for controlled drug delivery","volume":"22","author":"Mohamadnia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.12.017","article-title":"A review of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery","volume":"126","author":"Ganta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00319-4","article-title":"Drug targeting using thermally responsive polymers and local hyperthermia","volume":"74","author":"Meyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1039\/C2SM26846A","article-title":"Cryopreservation of cell laden natural origin hydrogels for cartilage regeneration strategies","volume":"9","author":"Popa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1683","article-title":"Chondrogenic potential of injectable kappa-carrageenan hydrogel with encapsulated adipose stem cells for cartilage tissue-engineering applications","volume":"9","author":"Popa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911511420700","article-title":"Encapsulation of adipose-derived stem cells and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 in carrageenan-based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"26","author":"Rocha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911510372173","article-title":"Development of a novel cell encapsulation system based on natural origin polymers for tissue engineering applications","volume":"25","author":"Luna","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0817","article-title":"Natural polymers for the microencapsulation of cells","volume":"11","author":"Gasperini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200965x","article-title":"Cell delivery systems using alginate\u2014Carrageenan hydrogel beads and fibers for regenerative medicine applications","volume":"12","author":"Popa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32466","article-title":"Development of new chitosan\/carrageenan nanoparticles for drug delivery applications","volume":"92","author":"Grenha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb20624f","article-title":"Nanocoatings containing sulfated polysaccharides prepared by layer-by-layer assembly as models to study cell-material interactions","volume":"1","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931982","article-title":"Microencapsulation methods for delivery of protein drugs","volume":"6","author":"Yeo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess. Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.03.010","article-title":"Chitosan\/carrageenan nanoparticles: Effect of cross-linking with tripolyphosphate and charge ratios","volume":"89","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13081671","article-title":"Fucoidan: Structure and bioactivity","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-011-9178-2","article-title":"Fucoidans from brown seaweeds sargassum hornery, eclonia cava, costaria costata: Structural characteristics and anticancer activity","volume":"164","author":"Ermakova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.07.036","article-title":"Anticancer activity in vitro of a fucoidan from the brown alga fucus evanescens and its low-molecular fragments, structurally characterized by tandem mass-spectrometry","volume":"87","author":"Anastyuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-008-0113-5","article-title":"Prospective of the cosmeceuticals derived from marine organisms","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess. Eng."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/8415_2011_67","article-title":"Fucoidan: A versatile biopolymer for biomedical applications","volume":"Volume 8","author":"Zilberman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Active Implants and Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/02652040600687563","article-title":"Fucosphere\u2014New microsphere carriers for peptide and protein delivery: Preparation and in vitro characterization","volume":"23","author":"Sezer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.09.004","article-title":"The use of fucosphere in the treatment of dermal burns in rabbits","volume":"69","author":"Sezer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.3390\/md12084379","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of antioxidant nanoparticles composed of chitosan and fucoidan for antibiotics delivery","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31563","article-title":"Effect of controlled release of fibroblast growth factor-2 from chitosan\/fucoidan micro complex-hydrogel on in vitro and in vivo vascularization","volume":"85","author":"Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.28.929","article-title":"Layer-by-layer thin films and microcapsules for biosensors and controlled release","volume":"28","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.07.016","article-title":"Chitosan\/fucoidan multilayer nanocapsules as a vehicle for controlled release of bioactive compounds","volume":"115","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1021\/bm061185q","article-title":"Structure and functional properties of ulvan, a polysaccharide from green seaweeds","volume":"8","author":"Lahaye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4843","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of ulvan, a polysaccharide extracted from green algae","volume":"27","author":"Alves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5956.1000272","article-title":"Anti-proliferative and apoptotic efficacies of ulvan polysaccharides against different types of carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer Sci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-012-9875-4","article-title":"A practical perspective on ulvan extracted from green algae","volume":"25","author":"Alves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1021\/am404912c","article-title":"Biofunctionalization of ulvan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Dash","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.01.021","article-title":"Processing ulvan into 2D structures: Cross-linked ulvan membranes as new biomaterials for drug delivery applications","volume":"426","author":"Alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2012.02.023","article-title":"PDLLA enriched with ulvan particles as a novel 3D porous scaffold targeted for bone engineering","volume":"65","author":"Alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200900562","article-title":"Ulvan as a new type of biomaterial from renewable resources: Functionalization and hydrogel preparation","volume":"211","author":"Morelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.04.045","article-title":"Ulvan and ulvan\/chitosan polyelectrolyte nanofibrous membranes as a potential substrate material for the cultivation of osteoblasts","volume":"89","author":"Toskas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.06.036","article-title":"Carboxymethylation of ulvan and chitosan and their use as polymeric components of bone cements","volume":"9","author":"Barros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"28","article-title":"Applications of chitosan and chitosan derivatives in drug delivery","volume":"5","author":"Bansal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001","article-title":"Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications","volume":"31","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2008.09.007","article-title":"Chitosan derivatives obtained by chemical modifications for biomedical and environmental applications","volume":"43","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(96)00332-1","article-title":"In vitro degradation rates of partially N-acetylated chitosans in human serum","volume":"299","author":"Varum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.08.010","article-title":"Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery","volume":"100","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2003.12.026","article-title":"Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs","volume":"274","author":"Sinha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/10717540590889781","article-title":"Chitosan-based particles as controlled drug delivery systems","volume":"12","author":"Prabaharan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.08.006","article-title":"Development of bioactive and biodegradable chitosan-based injectable systems containing bioactive glass nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Couto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034130m","article-title":"Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: Applications and mode of action","volume":"4","author":"Rabea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2007.07.009","article-title":"Chitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(02)00064-8","article-title":"Enzymic preparation of water-soluble chitosan and their antitumor activity","volume":"31","author":"Qin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.12.027","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of low-molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells and asthma model mice","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011929016601","article-title":"Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient","volume":"15","author":"Ilium","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357011776441","article-title":"Chitosan: Some pharmaceutical and biological aspects\u2014An update","volume":"53","author":"Singla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-007-9001-0","article-title":"Effect of drying methods on swelling, erosion and drug release from chitosan-naproxen sodium complexes","volume":"9","author":"Bhise","year":"2008","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049809089942","article-title":"Chitosan: A unique polysaccharide for drug delivery","volume":"24","author":"Felt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.09.001","article-title":"Carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-phosphatidylethanolamine: Amphiphilic matrices for controlled drug delivery","volume":"67","author":"Prabaharan","year":"2007","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200500087","article-title":"Hydroxypropyl chitosan bearing beta-cyclodextrin cavities: Synthesis and slow release of its inclusion complex with a model hydrophobic drug","volume":"5","author":"Prabaharan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/10717540600739872","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive thiol-containing chitosan beads for controlled drug delivery applications","volume":"14","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly.2007.7.1.503","article-title":"A novel pH and thermo-sensitive N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel for controlled drug delivery","volume":"7","author":"Prabaharan","year":"2007","journal-title":"E-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(03)00327-4","article-title":"N-acylated chitosan: Hydrophobic matrices for controlled drug release","volume":"93","author":"Lacroix","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(02)00118-2","article-title":"Sustained buccal delivery of the hydrophobic drug denbufylline using physically cross-linked palmitoyl glycol chitosan hydrogels","volume":"55","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1021\/mp050010c","article-title":"Novel polymer micelles prepared from chitosan grafted hydrophobic palmitoyl groups for drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.10.034","article-title":"Fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan hydrogel systems as adaptable oxygen carriers for wound healing","volume":"9","author":"Wijekoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2006.10.022","article-title":"Chitin\/chitosan: Modifications and their unlimited application potential\u2014An overview","volume":"18","author":"Prashanth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00231-9","article-title":"Oral drug absorption enhancement by chitosan and its derivatives","volume":"52","author":"Thanou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/865704","article-title":"Chitosan-grafted copolymers and chitosan-ligand conjugates as matrices for pulmonary drug delivery","volume":"2011","author":"Andrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Carbohydr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00403-3","article-title":"Properties and biocompatibility of chitosan films modified by blending with PEG","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.10.001","article-title":"PEGylated chitosan derivatives: Synthesis, characterizations and pharmaceutical applications","volume":"37","author":"Casettari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-006-9570-8","article-title":"Efficacy and mechanism of action of chitosan nanocapsules for oral peptide delivery","volume":"23","author":"Prego","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-005-8175-y","article-title":"Uptake and transport of PEG-graft-trimethyl-chitosan copolymer-insulin nanocomplexes by epithelial cells","volume":"22","author":"Mao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.03.036","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity of poly(ethylene glycol)-graft-trimethyl chitosan block copolymers","volume":"26","author":"Mao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.08.009","article-title":"Nasal absorption enhancement of insulin using PEG-grafted chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.05.015","article-title":"Peroral delivery of insulin using chitosan derivatives: A comparative study of polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes and nanoparticles","volume":"342","author":"Jintapattanakit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.12.019","article-title":"PEG-grafted chitosan as an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel for sustained protein release","volume":"103","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.01.045","article-title":"A thermo- and pH-sensitive hydrogel composed of quaternized chitosan\/glycerophosphate","volume":"315","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.12.024","article-title":"A thermosensitive hydrogel based on quaternized chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol) for nasal drug delivery system","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.11.022","article-title":"Thermosensitive hydrogels for nasal drug delivery: The formulation and characterisation of systems based on N-trimethyl chitosan chloride","volume":"77","author":"Nazar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2174\/1872211308666141028145651","article-title":"Injectable thermosensitive chitosan\/glycerophosphate-based hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications: A review","volume":"9","author":"Tahrir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/7385","article-title":"Oral gene delivery with chitosan\u2014DNA nanoparticles generates immunologic protection in a murine model of peanut allergy","volume":"5","author":"Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00198-3","article-title":"Chitosans for gene delivery","volume":"52","author":"Borchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00385-9","article-title":"In vitro gene delivery mediated by chitosan. Effect of pH, serum, and molecular mass of chitosan on the transfection efficiency","volume":"22","author":"Sato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(97)00252-6","article-title":"DNA-polycation nanospheres as non-viral gene delivery vehicles","volume":"53","author":"Leong","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2010.11.013","article-title":"Chitosan and its derivatives for gene delivery","volume":"48","author":"Saranya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007548826495","article-title":"Cationic polymer based gene delivery systems","volume":"17","author":"Demeester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1211\/002235703765951311","article-title":"Polycation gene delivery systems: Escape from endosomes to cytosol","volume":"55","author":"Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.01.001","article-title":"Trimethylated chitosans as non-viral gene delivery vectors: Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency","volume":"103","author":"Kean","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200801844","article-title":"PEI\u2013PEG\u2013chitosan-copolymer-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for safe gene delivery: Synthesis, complexation, and transfection","volume":"19","author":"Kievit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mano, J.F. (2012). Biomimetic Approaches for Biomaterials Development, Wiley-VCH Verlag.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527652273"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.01.013","article-title":"Nanostructured and thermoresponsive recombinant biopolymer-based microcapsules for the delivery of active molecules","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomed. NBM"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08529.x","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycans: Key players in cancer cell biology and treatment","volume":"279","author":"Afratis","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H41","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201003963","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid hydrogels for biomedical applications","volume":"23","author":"Burdick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-006-9219-z","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid: A natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications","volume":"29","author":"Kogan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.08.038","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and in vivo diagnostic applications of hyaluronic acid immobilized gold nanoprobes","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1999.00079.x","article-title":"Functions of hyaluronan in wound repair","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"1849","article-title":"A novel approach to the production of hyaluronic acid by streptococcus zooepidemicus","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2008.11.007","article-title":"High production of hyaluronic and lactic acids by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in fed-batch culture using commercial and marine peptones from fishing by-products","volume":"44","author":"Vazquez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-007-9562-8","article-title":"An efficient process for production and purification of hyaluronic acid from Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus","volume":"30","author":"Rangaswamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2011.11.002","article-title":"Optimization of extraction and purification process of hyaluronic acid from fish eyeball","volume":"90","author":"Murado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90248-8","article-title":"Biodegradation of hyaluronic acid derivatives by hyaluronidase","volume":"15","author":"Zhong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11922","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008432200","article-title":"Stromal and epithelial expression of tumor markers hyaluronic acid and HYAL1 hyaluronidase in prostate cancer","volume":"276","author":"Lokeshwar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0508","article-title":"Biological markers in osteoarthritis","volume":"3","author":"Rousseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911509357863","article-title":"New thermo-responsive hydrogels based on poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)\/hyaluronic acid semi-interpenetrated polymer networks: Swelling properties and drug release studies","volume":"25","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurisawa, M., Chung, J.E., Yang, Y.Y., Gao, S.J., and Uyama, H. (2005). Injectable biodegradable hydrogels composed of hyaluronic acid-tyramine conjugates for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Chem. Commun., 4312\u20134314.","DOI":"10.1039\/b506989k"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.11.028","article-title":"An injectable hyaluronic acid-tyramine hydrogel system for protein delivery","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.015","article-title":"Hyaluronidase-incorporated hyaluronic acid-tyramine hydrogels for the sustained release of trastuzumab","volume":"216","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.04.009","article-title":"Chitosan-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles loaded with heparin for the treatment of asthma","volume":"381","author":"Brea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00285-0","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of the in vitro drug release properties and mucoadhesion of novel microspheres of hyaluronic acid and chitosan","volume":"66","author":"Lim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1077","article-title":"Novel hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles for ocular gene therapy","volume":"49","author":"Seijo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"279","article-title":"Intracellular trafficking of hyaluronic acid-chitosan oligomer-based nanoparticles in cultured human ocular surface cells","volume":"17","author":"Parraga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911508093389","article-title":"Chitosan beads as templates for layer-by-layer assembly and their application in the sustained release of bioactive agents","volume":"23","author":"Grech","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.10.038","article-title":"On the formulation of pH-sensitive liposomes with long circulation times","volume":"56","author":"Simoes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.09.027","article-title":"Dual-functional liposomes based on pH-responsive cell-penetrating peptide and hyaluronic acid for tumor-targeted anticancer drug delivery","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25565","article-title":"Association of hyaluronic acid family members (HAS1, HAS2, and HYAL-1) with bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"117","author":"Kramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(00)00300-X","article-title":"Cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogel films: New biomaterials for drug delivery","volume":"69","author":"Luo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"181","article-title":"Biological applications of hyaluronic acid functionalized nanomaterials","volume":"Volume 1091","author":"Xuefei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Petite and Sweet: Glyco-Nanotechnology as a Bridge to New Medicines"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68050-0","article-title":"Urinary hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase: Markers for bladder cancer detection and evaluation of grade","volume":"163","author":"Lokeshwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04055.x","article-title":"Circulating matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 as serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: Comparison with PIIINP and hyaluronic acid","volume":"99","author":"Leroy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(76)90014-1","article-title":"The anticoagulant effect of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate","volume":"8","author":"Teien","year":"1976","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(94)90136-8","article-title":"More to heparin than anticoagulation","volume":"75","author":"Lindahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052771","article-title":"Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis","volume":"354","author":"Clegg","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1890","article-title":"Multifunctional chondroitin sulphate for cartilage tissue-biomaterial integration","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1519","article-title":"Chitosan-chondroitin sulphate nanoparticles for controlled delivery of platelet lysates in bone regenerative medicine","volume":"6","author":"Santo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regener. Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.07.063","article-title":"Chondroitin sulfate-based nanocarriers for drug\/gene delivery","volume":"133","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.12.033","article-title":"A versatile pH sensitive chondroitin sulfate-PEG tissue adhesive and hydrogel","volume":"31","author":"Strehin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.03.084","article-title":"Facile preparation of hydroxyapatite-chondroitin sulfate hybrid mesoporous microrods for controlled and sustained release of antitumor drugs","volume":"125","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5301\/jn.5000105","article-title":"Dermatan sulfate: An alternative to unfractionated heparin for anticoagulation in hemodialysis patients","volume":"26","author":"Vitale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(00)00032-3","article-title":"Searching for alternatives to heparin: Sulfated fucans from marine invertebrates","volume":"9","author":"Mourao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2129-5","article-title":"Alternatives to standard unfractionated heparin for pediatric hemodialysis treatments","volume":"27","author":"Davenport","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117R","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwf066","article-title":"Dermatan sulfate: New functions from an old glycosaminoglycan","volume":"12","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200604035","article-title":"Interactions between heparan sulfate and proteins: The concept of specificity","volume":"174","author":"Kreuger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006898920637","article-title":"Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I activity by heparin sulfate and modulation by basic fibroblast growth factor","volume":"183","author":"Kovalszky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc842","article-title":"Roles of heparan-sulphate glycosaminoglycans in cancer","volume":"2","author":"Sasisekharan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2013.10.009","article-title":"Heparan sulfate in the nucleus and its control of cellular functions","volume":"35","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207781039742","article-title":"Heparanase: Structure, biological functions, and inhibition by heparin-derived mimetics of heparan sulfate","volume":"13","author":"Vlodavsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12061","article-title":"Pathophysiology of heparan sulphate: Many diseases, few drugs","volume":"273","author":"Lindahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.03.001","article-title":"Heparan sulfate signaling in cancer","volume":"39","author":"Knelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_230","unstructured":"Kuberan, B., Hiroshi, N., and Desai, U.R. (2015). Glycosaminoglycans, Springer."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540214932","article-title":"Keratan sulfate biosynthesis","volume":"54","author":"Funderburgh","year":"2002","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5748(96)00012-3","article-title":"Up-regulation of a keratan sulfate proteoglycan following cortical injury in neonatal rats","volume":"14","author":"Geisert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23640","article-title":"Keratan sulfate exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"93","author":"Ueno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-005X(98)00018-6","article-title":"Structural analysis of red seaweed galactans of agar and carrageenan groups","volume":"12","author":"Usov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.01.027","article-title":"Hydrogels in drug delivery: Progress and challenges","volume":"49","author":"Hoare","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12063394","article-title":"Characterization and degradation behavior of agar-carbomer based hydrogels for drug delivery applications: Solute effect","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/14\/2\/34\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:18:50Z","timestamp":1760210330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/14\/2\/34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"references-count":236,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["md14020034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md14020034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]}}}