{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:47:35Z","timestamp":1777398455452,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biological invasion of the green algae Caulerpa cylindracea represents a serious scientific and public issue in the Mediterranean Sea, essentially due to strong modifications both to habitat structure and native benthic communities. Although alterations in health status and changes in flesh quality of some marine species (dietary exposed to C. cylindracea) have been observed, no studies on cause-effect relationships have been carried out. Here, for the first time, through a controlled feeding experiment followed by 1H NMR Spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (PCA, OPLS-DA), we showed that caulerpin taken with diet is directly responsible of changes observed in metabolic profile of fish flesh, including alteration of lipid metabolism, in particular with a reduction of \u03c93 PUFA content. The potential of caulerpin to directly modulate lipid metabolism opens up new questions about causal mechanism triggered by algal metabolite also in view of a possible exploitation in the nutraceutical\/medical field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md16100390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T10:55:41Z","timestamp":1539860141000},"page":"390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["1H NMR Spectroscopy and MVA to Evaluate the Effects of Caulerpin-Based Diet on Diplodus sargus Lipid Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4805-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Del Coco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Universit\u00e0 del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Felline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Roberta","family":"Girelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Universit\u00e0 del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Angil\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Universit\u00e0 del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Magliozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1389-8951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico","family":"Almada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, 1140-041 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biagio","family":"D\u2019Aniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Mollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Terlizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3073-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco P.","family":"Fanizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Universit\u00e0 del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-597X(03)00041-1","article-title":"Marine invasive alien species: A threat to global biodiversity","volume":"27","author":"Bax","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.07.013","article-title":"Impacts of biological invasions: What\u2019s what and the way forward","volume":"28","author":"Simberloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709355105","article-title":"Factors promoting marine invasions: A chemoecological approach","volume":"105","author":"Mollo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-014-0835-6","article-title":"Alien biomolecules: A new challenge for natural product chemists","volume":"17","author":"Mollo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00330","article-title":"Detrimental physiological effects of the invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa on the Mediterranean white seabream Diplodus sargus","volume":"12","author":"Terlizzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felline, S., Caricato, R., Cutignano, A., Gorbi, S., Lionetto, M.G., Mollo, E., Regoli, F., and Terlizzi, A. (2012). Subtle effects of biological invasions: Cellular and physiological responses of fish eating the exotic pest Caulerpa racemosa. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038763"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.01.010","article-title":"Could molecular effects of Caulerpa racemosa metabolites modulate the impact on fish populations of Diplodus sargus?","volume":"96","author":"Gorbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2007.09.043","article-title":"The Caulerpa racemosa invasion: A critical review","volume":"56","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-011-0043-6","article-title":"Invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea makes a strong impact on the Mediterranean sponge Sarcotragus spinosulus","volume":"13","author":"Thibaut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.07.010","article-title":"Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder invasion modifies trophic niche in infralittoral rocky benthic community","volume":"120","author":"Alomar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.180","article-title":"Alien marine species in the Mediterranean-the 100 \u2018Worst Invasives\u2019 and their impact","volume":"7","author":"Streftaris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1021\/ol036163k","article-title":"Intracellular compartmentation in the biosynthesis of caulerpenyne: Study on intact macroalgae using stable-isotope-labeled precursors","volume":"5","author":"Pohnert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1021\/np0202529","article-title":"Acetylene sesquiterpenoid esters from the green alga Caulerpa prolifera","volume":"66","author":"Smyrniotopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-006-9116-x","article-title":"Palatability of macroalgae that use different types of chemical defenses","volume":"32","author":"Erickson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-006-9044-2","article-title":"Phytotoxic activity of caulerpenyne from the Mediterranean invasive variety of Caulerpa racemosa: A potential allelochemical","volume":"9","author":"Raniello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00671","article-title":"Preliminary observations of caulerpin accumulation from the invasive Caulerpa cylindracea in native Mediterranean fish species","volume":"26","author":"Felline","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-014-2417-7","article-title":"Can a marine pest reduce the nutritional value of Mediterranean fish flesh?","volume":"161","author":"Felline","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.3390\/md13063550","article-title":"1H NMR spectroscopy and MVA analysis of Diplodus sargus eating the exotic pest Caulerpa cylindracea","volume":"13","author":"Felline","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.909","article-title":"Hypolipidaemic activity of seaweed from Karachi coast","volume":"16","author":"Ara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-015-0832-5","article-title":"Metabolomics profiling of pre-and post-anesthesia plasma samples of colorectal patients obtained via Ficoll separation","volume":"11","author":"Ghini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.07.045","article-title":"1H-NMR-based metabolomic profiles of different sweet melon (Cucumis melo L.) Salento varieties: Analysis and comparison","volume":"114","author":"Girelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandri, E., Ahmed, R., Siddiqui, H., Choudhary, M.I., Tsiafoulis, C.G., and Gerothanassis, I.P. (2017). High resolution NMR spectroscopy as a structural and analytical tool for unsaturated lipids in solution. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22101663"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.07.006","article-title":"NMR metabolic profiling of organic and aqueous sea bass extracts: Implications in the discrimination of wild and cultured sea bass","volume":"77","author":"Mannina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-000-0119-0","article-title":"Nondestructive quantitative determination of docosahexaenoic acid and n-3 fatty acids in fish oils by high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"77","author":"Igarashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10799","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103338j","article-title":"High-resolution 1H magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of intact Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) muscle. Quantitative analysis of n-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA","volume":"58","author":"Nestor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2008.02150.x","article-title":"Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish","volume":"41","author":"Tocher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Polese, G., Alaia, R., Cacace, A., De Bonis, S., Pinelli, C., and D\u2019Aniello, B. (2018, October 18). Effetti della Caulerpina sul Comportamento Trofico del Sarago Maggiore (Diplodus sargus). Available online: https:\/\/iris.unicampania.it\/handle\/11591\/212408#.W8fsKyCieUk."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magliozzi, L., Almada, F., Robalo, J., Mollo, E., Polese, G., Gon\u00e7alves, E.J., Felline, S., Terlizzi, A., and D\u2019Aniello, B. (2017). Cryptic effects of biological invasions: Reduction of the aggressive behaviour of a native fish under the influence of an \u201cinvasive\u201d biomolecule. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185620"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3390\/md11051553","article-title":"Spasmolytic effect of caulerpine involves blockade of Ca2+ influx on guinea pig ileum","volume":"11","author":"Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18667","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412062200","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 (PPAR\u03b1) interacts with high affinity and is conformationally responsive to endogenous ligands","volume":"280","author":"Hostetler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplowitz, N., and DeLeve, L.D. (2013). Oxidant stress, antioxidant defense and liver injury. Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Academic Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387817-5.00001-7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66378-7","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome","volume":"365","author":"Eckel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2174\/138920106779116856","article-title":"Essential fatty acids\u2014A review","volume":"7","author":"Das","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R700014-JLR200","article-title":"Thematic review series: Adipocyte biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: Stabilization of lipid droplets and control of lipolysis","volume":"48","author":"Brasaemle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1440","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00281.2010","article-title":"A metabolomics approach to elucidate effects of food deprivation in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"299","author":"Kullgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2007.10.002","article-title":"High-throughput tissue extraction protocol for NMR-and MS-based metabolomics","volume":"372","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2014.05.002","article-title":"Biotechnological potential of the seaweed Cladophora rupestris (Chlorophyta, Cladophorales) lipidic extract","volume":"31","author":"Stabili","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.05.041","article-title":"Addressing marketplace gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) differentiation by 1H NMR-based lipid fingerprinting","volume":"63","author":"Melis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Berg, R.A., Hoefsloot, H.C., Westerhuis, J.A., Smilde, A.K., and van der Werf, M.J. (2006). Centering, scaling and transformations: improving the biological information content of metabolomics data. BMC Genom., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-142"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.695","article-title":"Orthogonal projections to latent structures (O-PLS)","volume":"16","author":"Trygg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chemom."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AY41907J","article-title":"Principal component analysis","volume":"6","author":"Bro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1982.10487712","article-title":"Cross-validatory choice of the number of components from a principal component analysis","volume":"24","author":"Eastment","year":"1982","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06882","article-title":"Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure","volume":"453","author":"Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2018, October 16). Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/tool\/81287\/r-a-language-and-environment-for-statistical-computing."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/16\/10\/390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:26:26Z","timestamp":1760196386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/16\/10\/390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["md16100390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md16100390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]}}}