{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:09:54Z","timestamp":1771466994208,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioactive lipidic compounds of microalgae, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and carotenoids, can avoid or treat oxidation-associated conditions and diseases like inflammation or cancer. This study aimed to assess the bioactive potential of lipidic extracts obtained from Gloeothece sp.\u2013using Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) solvents like ethanol, acetone, hexane:isopropanol (3:2) (HI) and ethyl lactate. The bioactive potential of extracts was assessed in terms of antioxidant (ABTS\u2022+, DPPH\u2022, \u2022NO and O2\u2022assays), anti-inflammatory (HRBC membrane stabilization and Cox-2 screening assay), and antitumor capacity (death by TUNEL, and anti-proliferative by BrdU incorporation assay in AGS cancer cells); while its composition was characterized in terms of carotenoids and fatty acids, by HPLC-DAD and GC-FID methods, respectively. Results revealed a chemopreventive potential of the HI extract owing to its ability to: (I) scavenge -NO\u2022 radical (IC50, 1258 \u00b1 0.353 \u00b5g\u00b7mL\u22121); (II) inhibit 50% of COX-2 expression at 130.2 \u00b1 7.4 \u00b5g\u00b7mL\u22121; (III) protect 61.6 \u00b1 9.2% of lysosomes from heat damage, and (IV) induce AGS cell death by 4.2-fold and avoid its proliferation up to 40% in a concentration of 23.2 \u00b1 1.9 \u00b5g\u00b7mL\u22121. Hence, Gloeothece sp. extracts, namely HI, were revealed to have the potential to be used for nutraceutical purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md19110623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T09:11:32Z","timestamp":1636017092000},"page":"623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gloeothece sp.\u2014Exploiting a New Source of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antitumor Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Innovation and Health Research, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP\u2014Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6329-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory of Engineering of Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Process, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Innovation and Health Research, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP\u2014Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel Sousa","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco Xavier","family":"Malcata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory of Engineering of Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Process, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9181-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12800","article-title":"Microalgae, old sustainable food and fashion nutraceuticals","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.3390\/md13106152","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Microalgae in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Talero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, V.K. (2017). Functional Foods from Cyanobacteria: An Emerging Source for Functional Food Products of Pharmaceutical Importance. Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Wiley-Blackwell. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119048961"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0344(03)00076-5","article-title":"Commercial development of microalgal biotechnology: From the test tube to the marketplace","volume":"20","author":"Olaizola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demay, J., Bernard, C., Reinhardt, A., and Marie, B. (2019). Natural Products from Cyanobacteria: Focus on Beneficial Activities. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201904.0192.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S., Jungraithmayr, W., and Bagchi, D. (2018). Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Damage and Cell Death. Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: How are they linked?","volume":"49","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276130","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5276130","article-title":"Role of Antioxidants and Natural Products in Inflammation","volume":"2016","author":"Arulselvan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO (2021, January 26). The Top 10 Causes of Death. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1675","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.20","article-title":"How cell death shapes cancer","volume":"6","author":"Labi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"26","article-title":"Epidemiology of gastric cancer: Global trends, risk factors and prevention","volume":"14","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00005","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer: Adaptive Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Disease Progression","volume":"9","author":"Bravo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(92)90047-4","article-title":"Carcinogen-mediated oxidant formation and oxidative DNA damage","volume":"53","author":"Frenkel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2174\/187152009788451806","article-title":"Role of Oxygen in Cancer: Looking Beyond Hypoxia","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58d","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.02.010","article-title":"Astaxanthin: A novel potential treatment for oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease","volume":"101","author":"Pashkow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2014.936587","article-title":"The Roles of Lysosomes in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.078","article-title":"The synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of lycopene, lutein, \u03b2-carotene, and carnosic acid combinations via redox-based inhibition of NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"53","author":"Hadad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12901","article-title":"Inflammation in gastric cancer: Interplay of the COX-2\/prostaglandin E2 and Toll-like receptor\/MyD88 pathways","volume":"107","author":"Echizen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"469","article-title":"Receptor and enzyme expression for prostanoid metabolism in colorectal cancer related to tumor tissue PGE2","volume":"36","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06104.x","article-title":"Combinatorial strategies employing nutraceuticals for cancer development","volume":"1229","author":"Shukla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.83","article-title":"The Search for a chemoprevention agent effective against melanoma: Considerations and challenges","volume":"131","author":"Ming","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0050","article-title":"Statins and the colorectum: Hope for chemoprevention?","volume":"3","author":"Baron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110389","article-title":"Combined chemotherapy with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors in treating human cancers: Recent advancement","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Shemy, H.A., Aboul-Enein, A.M., Aboul-Enein, K.M., and Fujita, K. (2007). Willow Leaves\u2019 Extracts Contain Anti-Tumor Agents Effective against Three Cell Types. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000178"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, T., Shnimizu, M., and Moriwaki, H. (2012). Cancer Chemoprevention by Carotenoids. Molecules, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17033202"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.575","article-title":"Microalgae as sources of high added-value compounds\u2014a brief review of recent work","volume":"27","author":"Guedes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.10.017","article-title":"Carotenoids modulate the hallmarks of cancer cells","volume":"18","author":"Niranjana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2017.01","article-title":"Carotenoids from microalgae to block oxidative stress","volume":"7","author":"Zuluaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioImpacts BI"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.05.002","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants","volume":"57","author":"Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005","article-title":"Carotenoids from microalgae: A review of recent developments","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/368107","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Oxidant\/Antioxidant Status in Macrosomic Offspring of Diabetic Rats","volume":"2014","author":"Guermouche","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12931","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids exert anti-oxidant effects through the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 pathway in immortalized mouse Schwann cells","volume":"10","author":"Tatsumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1126549","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome","volume":"57","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.05.021","article-title":"Pressurized liquid extraction of Neochloris oleoabundans for the recovery of bioactive carotenoids with anti-proliferative activity against human colon cancer cells","volume":"99","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.1.129","article-title":"beta-Carotene downregulates the steady-state and heregulin-alpha-induced COX-2 pathways in colon cancer cells","volume":"135","author":"Palozza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10521","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802111x","article-title":"Antiproliferative Effects of Carotenoids Extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on Human Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"56","author":"Cha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"369","article-title":"Ethanol extract of Dunaliella salina induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells","volume":"22","author":"Sheu","year":"2008","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3390\/md9050819","article-title":"Antiproliferative activity of violaxanthin isolated from bioguided fractionation of Dunaliella tertiolecta extracts","volume":"9","author":"Pasquet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann, U., Derwenskus, F., Flaiz Flister, V., Schmid-Staiger, U., Hirth, T., and Bischoff, S.C. (2019). Fucoxanthin, A Carotenoid Derived from Phaeodactylum tricornutum Exerts Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities In Vitro. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060183"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6453","DOI":"10.3390\/md13106453","article-title":"Effect of Solvent System on Extractability of Lipidic Components of Scenedesmus obliquus (M2-1) and Gloeothece sp. on Antioxidant Scavenging Capacity Thereof","volume":"13","author":"Amaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaro, H.M., Guedes, A.C., Preto, M.A.C., Sousa-Pinto, I., and Malcata, F.X. (2018). Gloeothece sp. as a Nutraceutical Source-An Improved Method of Extraction of Carotenoids and Fatty Acids. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16090327"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"European Union (2009). Directive 2009\/32\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States on extraction solvents used in the production of foodstuffs and food ingredients. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 141, 3\u201311."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21519","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21519","article-title":"MCHK1 expression in Gastric Cancer is modulated by p53 and RB1\/E2F1: Implications in chemo\/radiotherapy response","volume":"6","author":"Sereno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.179","article-title":"Sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity screening","volume":"1","author":"Vichai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.09.012","article-title":"Pyranoxanthones: Synthesis, growth inhibitory activity on human tumor cell lines and determination of their lipophilicity in two membrane models","volume":"69","author":"Azevedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0244-7","article-title":"The lysosome as a cellular centre for signalling, metabolism and quality control","volume":"21","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"745","article-title":"Investigation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet and anti-arthritic activities in the leaves of Anisomeles malabarica Linn","volume":"1","author":"Lavanya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(81)90134-X","article-title":"Studies on erythrocyte membrane IV: In vitro haemolytic activity of oleander extract","volume":"8","author":"Murugesh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00301-6","article-title":"Cyclooxygenases in the skin: Pharmacological and toxicological implications","volume":"192","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12862","article-title":"Management of side effects during and post-treatment in breast cancer survivors","volume":"24","author":"Palesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"919","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of PUFA-Rich Marine Oils: Application to the Ocular Surface","volume":"50","author":"Dutot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.649","article-title":"Effects of temperature and pH on growth and antioxidant content of the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus","volume":"27","author":"Guedes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-6-38","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of lutein contribute to the protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis in mice","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3390\/foods4040678","article-title":"Nitric Oxide and Lutein: Function, Performance, and Protection of Neural Tissue","volume":"4","author":"Stringham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev325","article-title":"Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and lutein on the growth performance and immune response of broiler chickens","volume":"95","author":"Moraes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2006","article-title":"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Pacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0300060520905985","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520905985","article-title":"The regulation of nitric oxide in tumor progression and therapy","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2174\/18715206113139990089","article-title":"Nature promises new anticancer agents: Interplay with the apoptosis-related BCL2 gene family","volume":"14","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520270112","article-title":"Effects of quercetin and beta-carotene supplementation on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis and inflammatory responses in rats fed with high-fat diet rich in omega-6 fatty acids","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103739","article-title":"Anti-tumor mechanism of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on ovarian tumor model by improving the immunomodulatory activity in F344 rats","volume":"65","author":"Bie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2008.02.003","article-title":"The potential for treatment with dietary long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids during chemotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Biondo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2007.073","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis by linoleic acid is associated with the modulation of Bcl-2 family and Fas\/FasL system and activation of caspases in AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2014.19.1.31","article-title":"Linoleic Acid-Induced Growth Inhibition of Human Gastric Epithelial Adenocarcinoma AGS Cells is Associated with Down-Regulation of Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis and Telomerase Activity","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montero-Lobato, Z., V\u00e1zquez, M., Navarro, F., Fuentes, J.L., Bermejo, E., Garbayo, I., V\u00edlchez, C., and Cuaresma, M. (2018). Chemically-Induced Production of Anti-Inflammatory Molecules in Microalgae. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16120478"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00187","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Effects of Violaxanthin Isolated from Microalga Chlorella ellipsoidea in RAW 264.7 Macrophages","volume":"35","author":"Soontornchaiboon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602942","article-title":"COX inhibitors and breast cancer","volume":"94","author":"Mazhar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zappavigna, S., Cossu, A.M., Grimaldi, A., Bocchetti, M., Ferraro, G.A., Nicoletti, G.F., Filosa, R., and Caraglia, M. (2020). Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072605"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1128\/br.35.2.171-205.1971","article-title":"Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales)","volume":"35","author":"Stanier","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38861-1","article-title":"Direct transesterification of all classes of lipids in a one-step reaction","volume":"27","author":"Lepage","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"328","article-title":"Effect on environmental conditions on fatty acids composition of the red alga Phorphyridium cruentum: Correlation to growth rate","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.09.002","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Arbutus unedo aqueous extract","volume":"6","author":"Moualek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, G., Sousa, C., Silva, L.R., Pinto, E., Andrade, P.B., Bernardo, J., Mouga, T., and Valentao, P. (2012). Can phlorotannins purified extracts constitute a novel pharmacological alternative for microbial infections with associated inflammatory conditions?. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031145"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/19\/11\/623\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:25:39Z","timestamp":1760167539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/19\/11\/623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["md19110623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md19110623","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]}}}