{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:52:12Z","timestamp":1768092732211,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agar is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from certain marine red algae, and its gel properties depend on the seaweed source and extraction conditions. In the present study, the seaweed Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Moroccan Atlantic Coast) was investigated for its agar content, structure, and gel properties. The agar yields of G. gracilis were 20.5% and 15.6% from alkaline pretreatment and native extraction, respectively. Agar with alkaline pretreatment showed a better gelling property supported by higher gel strength (377 g\u00b7cm\u22122), gelling (35.4 \u00b0C), and melting (82.1 \u00b0C) temperatures with a notable increase in 3,6-anhydro-galactose (11.85%) and decrease in sulphate (0.32%) contents. The sulfate falling subsequent to alkaline pretreatment was verified through FT-IR spectroscopy. The 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that alkaline-pretreated agar has a typical unsubstituted agar pattern. However, native agar had a partially methylated agarose structure. Overall, this study suggested the possibility of the exploitation of G. gracilis to produce a fine-quality agar. Yet, further investigation may need to determine the seasonal variability of this biopolymer according to the life cycle of G. gracilis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md19120672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:43:22Z","timestamp":1638323002000},"page":"672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Southern Moroccan Atlantic Coast) as Source of Agar: Content, Chemical Characteristics, and Gelling Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zahira","family":"Belattmania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization\u2014CNRST Labeled Research Unit N\u00b010, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Sanaa","family":"Bhaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization\u2014CNRST Labeled Research Unit N\u00b010, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Nadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization\u2014CNRST Labeled Research Unit N\u00b010, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Khaoulaa","family":"Khaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization\u2014CNRST Labeled Research Unit N\u00b010, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Fouad","family":"Bentiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Catalysis and Corrosion of Materials, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco"},{"name":"Materials and Transformations Unit, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET, F-59000 Lille, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5240-7804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charafeddine","family":"Jama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Transformations Unit, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET, F-59000 Lille, France"}]},{"given":"Abdeltif","family":"Reani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization\u2014CNRST Labeled Research Unit N\u00b010, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brahim","family":"Sabour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization\u2014CNRST Labeled Research Unit N\u00b010, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dolores, M., Kraan, T.S., and Dominguez, H. (2020). Seaweed components, properties, and applications. Advances in Green and Sustainable Chemistry Sustainable Seaweed Technologies Cultivation, Biorefinery, and Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Imran Ahamed, M., Boddula, R., and Altalhi, T. (2021). Agars: Properties and Applications. Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications, Scrivener Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-010-9529-3","article-title":"A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry","volume":"23","author":"Bixler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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