{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T09:20:06Z","timestamp":1774084806493,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Estremadura Spur pockmarks are a unique and unexplored ecosystem located in the North Atlantic, off the coast of Portugal. A total of 85 marine-derived actinomycetes were isolated and cultured from sediments collected from this ecosystem at a depth of 200 to 350 m. Nine genera, Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Actinomadura, Actinopolymorpha, Nocardiopsis, Saccharomonospora, Stackebrandtia, and Verrucosispora were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses, from which the first two were the most predominant. Non-targeted LC-MS\/MS, in combination with molecular networking, revealed high metabolite diversity, including several known metabolites, such as surugamide, antimycin, etamycin, physostigmine, desferrioxamine, ikarugamycin, piericidine, and rakicidin derivatives, as well as numerous unidentified metabolites. Taxonomy was the strongest parameter influencing the metabolite production, highlighting the different biosynthetic potentials of phylogenetically related actinomycetes; the majority of the chemical classes can be used as chemotaxonomic markers, as the metabolite distribution was mostly genera-specific. The EtOAc extracts of the actinomycete isolates demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Altogether, this study demonstrates that the Estremadura Spur is a source of actinomycetes with potential applications for biotechnology. It highlights the importance of investigating actinomycetes from unique ecosystems, such as pockmarks, as the metabolite production reflects their adaptation to this habitat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1640295621000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Diversity, Metabolomics Profiling, and the Pharmacological Potential of Actinomycetes Isolated from the Estremadura Spur Pockmarks (Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8695-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Pinto-Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharias e Ci\u00eancias do Mar, Universidade T\u00e9cnica do Atl\u00e2ntico, 163 Ribeira de Juli\u00e3o, 163 Mindelo, Cape Verde"}]},{"given":"Anelize","family":"Bauermeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-075, USA"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Luppino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5862-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas R.","family":"Grilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana R.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Petras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMFI Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara F.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-9923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Prieto-Dav\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Qu\u00edmica-Sisal, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Sisal 97356, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz","family":"Tasdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24106 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita G.","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana P.","family":"Gaud\u00eancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judd, A., and Hovland, M. 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