{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:24:44Z","timestamp":1773098684660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30557\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30557\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BMA\/28317\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BMA\/28317\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin naturally occurring in terrestrial and marine organisms such as pufferfish. Due to the risk of TTX poisoning, fish of Tetraodontidae family and other puffer-related species must not be placed in the EU markets. This restriction applies to fish of the family Molidae even though no data on toxins\u2019 occurrence is available. In this study, the presence of TTX and its analogues was investigated in the main edible tissue (the white muscle) and the main xenobiotics storage organ (the liver) of ocean sunfish Mola spp. (n = 13) from the South Portuguese coast. HILIC-MS\/MS analyses did not reveal TTX in the analyzed samples, suggesting an inexistent or very limited risk of TTX poisoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md20100594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T01:41:58Z","timestamp":1664156518000},"page":"594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Does Ocean Sunfish Mola spp. (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) Represent a Risk for Tetrodotoxin Poisoning in the Portuguese Coast?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8833-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-005 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7748-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00b0 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-005 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-063 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Reis","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00b0 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276939","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/276939","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin poisoning due to pufferfish and gastropods and their intoxication mechanism","volume":"2011","author":"Noguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2019.1669162","article-title":"A Global Retrospective Study on Human Cases of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Poisoning after Seafood Consumption","volume":"36","author":"Guardone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_3.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2004). Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_3.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 853\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for on the hygiene of foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Union, 139, 55-205."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.09.024","article-title":"Seafood intoxication by tetrodotoxin: First case in Europe","volume":"39","author":"Alfonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3390\/md10040712","article-title":"New Gastropod Vectors and Tetrodotoxin Potential Expansion in Temperate Waters of the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M., Rodr\u00edguez, I., Barreiro, A., Kaufmann, M., Neto, A.I., Hassouani, M., Sabour, B., Alfonso, A., Botana, L.M., and Vasconcelos, V. (2019). Tetrodotoxins occurrence in non-traditional vectors of the North Atlantic waters (Portuguese maritime territory, and Morocco coast). Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11060306"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, P.R., Gir\u00e1ldez, J., Rodrigues, S.M., Leao, J.M., Pinto, E., Soli\u00f1o, L., and Gago-Mart\u00ednez, A. (2021). High Levels of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Trumpet Shell Charonia lampas from the Portuguese Coast. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040250"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.2.21009","article-title":"Detection of the pufferfish toxin Tetrodotoxin in European bivalves, England, 2013 to 2014","volume":"20","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, A.D., Dhanji-Rapkova, M., Coates, L., Bickerstaff, L., Milligan, S., O\u2019Neill, A., Faulkner, D., McEneny, H., Baker-Austin, C., and Lees, D.N. (2017). Detection of tetrodotoxin shellfish poisoning (TSP) toxins and causative factors in bivalve molluscs from the UK. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15090277"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerssen, A., Bovee, T.H.F., Klijnstra, M.D., Poelman, M., Portier, L., and Hoogenboom, R.L.A.P. (2018). First report on the occurrence of tetrodotoxins in bivalve molluscs in the Netherlands. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10110450"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7051779","article-title":"First detection of tetrodotoxin in Greek shellfish by UPLC-MS\/MS potentially linked to the presence of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum","volume":"7","author":"Vlamis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2017). Scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods. EFSA J., 15, 4752.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4752"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1081\/TXR-100103080","article-title":"Puffer poisoning: Epidemiology and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Noguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katikou, P., Gokbulut, C., Kosker, A.R., Camp\u00e0s, M., and Ozogul, F. (2022). An Updated Review of Tetrodotoxin and Its Peculiarities. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20010047"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, S.M., Pinto, E.P., Oliveira, P., Pedro, S., and Costa, P.R. (2019). Evaluation of the occurrence of tetrodotoxin in bivalve mollusks from the Portuguese coast. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse7070232"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leao, J.M., Lozano-Leon, A., Gir\u00e1ldez, J., Vilari\u00f1o, O., and Gago-Mart\u00ednez, A. (2018). Preliminary results on the evaluation of the occurrence of tetrodotoxin associated to marine Vibrio spp in bivalves from the Galician Rias (Northwest Spain). Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16030081"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hort, V., Arnich, N., Gu\u00e9rin, T., Lavison-Bompard, G., and Nicolas, M. (2020). First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090599"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107510","article-title":"First Occurrence of Tetrodotoxins in Bivalve Mollusks from Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy)","volume":"120","author":"Bordin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2019.104780","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in two native species of puffer fish, Sphoeroides marmoratus and Lagocephalus lagocephalus, from NE Atlantic Ocean (Madeira Island, Portugal)","volume":"151","author":"Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.05.031","article-title":"Evaluation of Tetrodotoxins in Puffer Fish Caught along the Mediterranean Coast of Spain. Toxin Profile of Lagocephalus sceleratus","volume":"158","author":"Palacios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.12.010","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin Levels of Three Pufferfish Species (Lagocephalus sp.) Caught in the North-Eastern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"219","author":"Kosker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"FAO (2022, July 20). Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global Capture Production 1950\u20132020. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/statistics-query\/en\/capture\/capture_quantity."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.57.1573","article-title":"Screening of Tetrodotoxin and Its Derivatives in Puffer-Related Species","volume":"57","author":"Saito","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"191","article-title":"Food poisoning caused by sunfish Masturus lanceolatus in Taiwan","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531541800111X","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the abundance and body size distribution of the ocean sunfish Mola mola in coastal waters off southern Portugal","volume":"99","author":"Baptista","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28762","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28762","article-title":"DNA Barcoding Identifies a Cosmopolitan Diet in the Ocean Sunfish","volume":"6","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.061","article-title":"Body size and season influence elemental composition of tissues in ocean sunfish Mola mola juveniles","volume":"223","author":"Baptista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s10228-008-0089-3","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationship of two Mola sunfishes (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) occurring around the coast of Japan, with notes on their geographical distribution and morphological characteristics","volume":"56","author":"Yoshita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ichthyol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s10228-017-0603-6","article-title":"Redescription of the bump-head sunfish Mola alexandrini (Ranzani 1839), senior synonym of Mola ramsayi (Giglioli 1883), with designation of a neotype for Mola mola (Linnaeus 1758) (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae)","volume":"65","author":"Sawai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ichthyol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thys, T.M., Hays, G.C., and Houghton, J.D.R. (2020). Phylogeny, taxonomy and size records of ocean sunfishes. The Ocean Sunfishes: Evolution, Biology and Conservation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429343360"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.01.086","article-title":"Development of a sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for high throughput analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins using graphitised carbon solid phase extraction","volume":"1387","author":"Boundy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"EULRMB (2022, July 19). Determination of Tetrodontoxin byHILIC-MS\/MS, European Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Ed 01062107. Available online: https:\/\/www.aesan.gob.es\/en\/CRLMB\/docs\/docs\/metodos_analiticos_de_desarrollo\/HILIC-LCMSMS_SOP_for_TTX_in_mussels.pdf."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/20\/10\/594\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:01Z","timestamp":1760143081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/20\/10\/594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["md20100594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md20100594","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]}}}