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Among these bioactive products, lipids, mainly glycolipids, have been shown to present immunomodulatory properties with the potential to mitigate chronic inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of polar lipids isolated from Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis. Three fractions enriched in (1) digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), (2) monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), and (3) diacylglyceryl-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) and phospholipids (PL) were obtained from the total lipid extracts (TE) of N. oceanica and C. amblystomatis, and their anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by analyzing their capacity to counteract nitric oxide (NO) production and transcription of pro-inflammatory genes Nos2, Ptgs2, Tnfa, and Il1b in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. For both microalgae, TE and Fractions 1 and 3 strongly inhibited NO production, although to different extents. A strong reduction in the LPS-induced transcription of Nos2, Ptgs2, Tnfa, and Il1b was observed for N. oceanica and C. amblystomatis lipids. The most active fractions were the DGTS-and-PL-enriched fraction from N. oceanica and the DGDG-and-SQDG-enriched fraction from C. amblystomatis. Our results reveal that microalgae lipids have strong anti-inflammatory capacity and may be explored as functional ingredients or nutraceuticals, offering a natural solution to tackle chronic inflammation-associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md21120629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T11:32:29Z","timestamp":1701862349000},"page":"629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Polar Lipids of Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Mitigate the LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1125-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Conde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine\u2014iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine\u2014iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1632-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0072-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Allmicroalgae\u2014Natural Products S.A., Rua 25 de Abril s\/n, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana Laranjeira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Allmicroalgae\u2014Natural Products S.A., Rua 25 de Abril s\/n, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8060-7675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5357-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1615\/InterJAlgae.v10.i3.80","article-title":"Algae, Traditional Medicine, and Pharmacological Advances","volume":"10","author":"Malhotra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Algae"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan, B., Nayak, R., Patra, S., Jit, B.P., Ragusa, A., and Jena, M. (2020). 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