{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:29:36Z","timestamp":1778624976504,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["IT057-18-7253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT057-18-7253"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LS249100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS249100"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC), Associate Laboratory TERRA","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC), Associate Laboratory TERRA","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC), Associate Laboratory TERRA","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC), Associate Laboratory TERRA","award":["IT057-18-7253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT057-18-7253"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC), Associate Laboratory TERRA","award":["LS249100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS249100"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MTCES","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MTCES","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MTCES","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MTCES","award":["IT057-18-7253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT057-18-7253"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MTCES","award":["LS249100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS249100"]}]},{"name":"University of Coimbra","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Coimbra","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Coimbra","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Coimbra","award":["IT057-18-7253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT057-18-7253"]}]},{"name":"University of Coimbra","award":["LS249100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS249100"]}]},{"name":"UPMSI","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UPMSI","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UPMSI","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UPMSI","award":["IT057-18-7253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT057-18-7253"]}]},{"name":"UPMSI","award":["LS249100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS249100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carrageenans are valuable marine polysaccharides derived from specific species of red seaweed (Rhodophyta) widely used as thickening and stabilizing agents across various industries. Kappaphycus alvarezii, predominantly cultivated in tropical countries, is the primary source of kappa-carrageenan. Traditional industrial extraction methods involve alkaline treatment for up to three hours followed by heating, which is inefficient and generates substantial waste. Thus, developing improved extraction techniques would be helpful for enhancing efficiency and reducing environmental impacts, solvent costs, energy consumption, and the required processing time. In this study, we explored innovative extraction methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical water extraction (SFE), together with other extraction methods to produce kappa-carrageenan from a new strain of K. alvarezii from the Philippines. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the structure of the different carrageenan fractions. We also examined the physicochemical properties of isolated phycocolloids, including viscosity, and the content of fatty acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. For refined carrageenan (RC), both the traditional extraction method and the UAE method used 1 M NaOH. Additionally, UAE (8% KOH) was employed to produce semi-refined carrageenan (SRC). UAE (8% KOH) produced a high yield of carrageenan, in half the extraction time (extraction yield: 76.70 \u00b1 1.44), and improved carrageenan viscosity (658.7 cP), making this technique highly promising for industrial scaling up. On the other hand, SFE also yielded a significant amount of carrageenan, but the resulting product had the lowest viscosity and an acidic pH, posing safety concerns as classified by the EFSA\u2019s re-evaluation of carrageenan as a food additive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22110491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T09:57:36Z","timestamp":1730368656000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Advanced Extraction Techniques and Physicochemical Properties of Carrageenan from a Novel Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Madalena","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1804-3773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene B.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1704-458X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan T.","family":"Critchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and Environment, Sydney, NC B1M 1A2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourie Ann R.","family":"Hinaloc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman (UP-MSI), Quezon City 1101, Philippines"},{"name":"Bolinao Marine Laboratory, University of the Philippines Diliman (UP-MSI), Luciente I, Bolinao 2406, Philippines"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0568-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Y.","family":"Roleda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman (UP-MSI), Quezon City 1101, Philippines"},{"name":"Bolinao Marine Laboratory, University of the Philippines Diliman (UP-MSI), Luciente I, Bolinao 2406, Philippines"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2018.27","article-title":"A Review of Extractions of Seaweed Hydrocolloids: Properties and Applications","volume":"12","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Express Polym. 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