{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:46:35Z","timestamp":1777383995449,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex, multifactorial condition characterized by risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which significantly contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide. Early identification and effective monitoring of MetS is crucial for preventing serious cardiovascular complications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of various biomarkers associated with MetS, including lipid profile markers (triglyceride\/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG\/HDL-C) ratio and apolipoprotein B\/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoB\/ApoA1) ratio), inflammatory markers (interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin\/adiponectin ratio, omentin and fetuin-A\/adiponectin ratio), oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxides, protein and nucleic acid oxidation, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid) and microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-15a-5p, miR5-17-5p and miR-24-3p. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of biomarkers in MetS and the need for advancements in their identification and use for improving prevention and treatment. Seaweed therapy is also discussed as a significant intervention for MetS due to its rich content of fiber, antioxidants, minerals and bioactive compounds, which help improve cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, increase insulin sensitivity and promote weight loss, making it a promising nutritional strategy for managing metabolic and cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md22120550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T06:38:25Z","timestamp":1733294305000},"page":"550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Biomarkers and Seaweed-Based Nutritional Interventions in Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0157-6648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Valado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Rua 5 de Outubro\u2014S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Rua 5 de Outubro\u2014S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-022-01009-z","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Underlying Genetic Determinants-A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. 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