{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T18:38:10Z","timestamp":1778351890980,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["C644915664-00000026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644915664-00000026"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["2023.02017.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.02017.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["C644915664-00000026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644915664-00000026"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2023.02017.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.02017.BDANA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C644915664-00000026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644915664-00000026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.02017.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.02017.BDANA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Co-products from the frozen fish processing industry often lead to financial losses. Therefore, it is essential to transform these co-products into profitable goods. This study explores the production of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) from three co-products: the heads and bones of black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo), the carcasses of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and the trimmings of Nile perch (Lates niloticus). Four enzymatic hydrolysis systems were tested: an endopeptidase (Alcalase, A), an exopeptidase (Protana, P), two-stage hydrolysis with an endopeptidase followed by an exopeptidase (A + P), and a single stage with endo- and exopeptidase (AP). The results show that combined enzymatic treatments, especially single-stage Alcalase and Protana (AP), achieved high protein yields (80%) and enhanced degrees of hydrolysis (34 to 49%), producing peptides with lower molecular weights. FPH exhibited significant antioxidant activity, in 2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, with EC50 values below 5 mg\/mL. Additionally, AP hydrolysates demonstrated over 60% angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition at 5 mg\/mL, indicating potential antihypertensive applications. Antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer activities were present, but at relatively low levels. AP hydrolysates, especially from gilthead seabream, proved to be the most promising. This study highlights the value of fish co-products as sources of functional peptides, contributing to waste reduction, and their potential applications in food, agriculture, and nutraceuticals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:00:37Z","timestamp":1735628437000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Enzymatic Hydrolysis Systems Enhance the Efficiency and Biological Properties of Hydrolysates from Frozen Fish Processing Co-Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1617-0517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sapatinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Nova School of Science and Technology, Nova University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nia Juliana","family":"Pais-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Department of Chemistry, Nova School of Science and Technology, Nova University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2024). 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