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However, the diversity and mechanisms underlying their chemical defenses remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the proteomic profiles of the unexplored sea anemone Actinia fragacea by analyzing its venom nematocyst extract, tissues, and mucus secretion. A total of 4011 different proteins were identified, clustered into 3383 protein groups. Among the 83 putative toxins detected, actinoporins, neurotoxins, and phospholipase A2 were uncovered, as well as two novel zinc metalloproteinases with two specific domains (ShK) associated with potassium channel inhibition. Common Gene Ontology (GO) terms were related to immune responses, cell adhesion, protease inhibition, and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, 1406 of the 13,276 distinct peptides identified were predicted as potential AMPs, including a putative Aurelin-like AMP localized within the nematocysts. This discovery highlights and strengthens the evidence for a cnidarian-exclusive Aurelin peptide family. Several other bioactive compounds with distinctive defense functions were also detected, including enzymes, pattern recognition proteins (PRPs), and neuropeptides. This study provides the first proteome map of A. fragacea, offering a critical foundation for exploring novel bioactive compounds and valuable insights into its molecular complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23020079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T11:08:51Z","timestamp":1739358531000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proteomic Diversity of the Sea Anemone Actinia fragacea: Comparative Analysis of Nematocyst Venom, Mucus, and Tissue-Specific Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5277-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Alexandre","family":"Barroso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0668-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9874-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Guardiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria V.","family":"Turkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00481","article-title":"Physiology and Evolution of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Early Diverging Animal Phyla: Cnidaria, Placozoa, Porifera and Ctenophora","volume":"7","author":"Senatore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13227-020-00171-w","article-title":"Insights into how development and life-history dynamics shape the evolution of venom","volume":"12","author":"Surm","year":"2021","journal-title":"EvoDevo"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schendel, V., Rash, L.D., Jenner, R.A., and Undheim, E.A.B. (2019). 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