{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T21:34:23Z","timestamp":1775165663190,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"EU","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EU","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EU","award":["EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}]},{"name":"EU","award":["IR0000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000005"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["IR0000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000005"]}]},{"name":"CRESC Algarve 2020","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"CRESC Algarve 2020","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CRESC Algarve 2020","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CRESC Algarve 2020","award":["EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}]},{"name":"CRESC Algarve 2020","award":["IR0000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000005"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["IR0000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine microplastics (MPs) represent a novel ecological niche, populated by fungi with high potential for pharmaceutical discovery. This study explores the bioactivity of fungal strains isolated from MPs in Mediterranean sediments, focusing on their osteogenic and antiviral activities. Crude extracts prepared via solid-state and submerged-state fermentation were tested for their effects on extracellular matrix mineralization in vitro and bone growth in zebrafish larvae, and for their activity against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Several extracts exhibited significant mineralogenic and osteogenic activities, with Aspergillus jensenii MUT6581 and Cladosporium halotolerans MUT6558 being the most performing ones. Antiviral assays identified extracts from A. jensenii MUT6581 and Bjerkandera adusta MUT6589 as effective against RSV and HSV-2 at different extents, with no cytotoxic effect. Although chemical profiling of A. jensenii MUT6581 extract led to the isolation of decumbenones A and B, they did not reproduce the observed bioactivities, suggesting the involvement of other active compounds or synergistic effects. These results highlight the plastisphere as a valuable resource for novel bioactive compounds and suggest the need for further fractionation and characterization to identify the molecules responsible for these promising activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23030115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:22:52Z","timestamp":1741350172000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bioprospecting Marine Fungi from the Plastisphere: Osteogenic and Antiviral Activities of Fungal Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6483-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Florio Furno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9565-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Laiz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6600-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Arduino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giang Nam","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Natural Products Team, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-0570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mehiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Natural Products Team, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J.","family":"Gavaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1455-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna Cristina","family":"Varese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.09.052","article-title":"Marine Microorganisms as an Untapped Source of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"28","author":"Ameen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119143802.ch98","article-title":"Medicinal Drug-Related Bioactive Agents from Marine Fungi","volume":"4","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Encycl. Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/175548a0","article-title":"Cephalosporin C, a New Antibiotic Containing Sulphur and D-\u03b1-Aminoadipic Acid [1]","volume":"175","author":"Newton","year":"1955","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, F., and Zeng, Y. (2024). Novel Bioactive Natural Products from Marine-Derived Penicillium Fungi: A Review (2021\u20132023). Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22050191"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Qader, M., Wang, Y., Kong, F., Wang, Q., and Wang, C. (2023). Progress in the Discovery of New Bioactive Substances from Deep-Sea Associated Fungi during 2020\u20132022. Front. Mar. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1232891"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, A., Naughton, L.M., Mont\u00e1nchez, I., Dobson, A.D.W., and Rai, D.K. (2017). Current Status and Future Prospects of Marine Natural Products (MNPs) as Antimicrobials. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15090272"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"885","article-title":"Marine Peptides as Anticancer Agents: A Remedy to Mankind by Nature","volume":"18","author":"Negi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corzo, L., Fern\u00e1ndez-Novoa, L., Carrera, I., Mart\u00ednez, O., Rodr\u00edguez, S., Alejo, R., and Cacabelos, R. (2020). Nutrition, Health, and Disease: Role of Selected Marine and Vegetal Nutraceuticals. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030747"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1021\/es201811s","article-title":"Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks","volume":"45","author":"Browne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florio Furno, M., Poli, A., Ferrero, D., Tardelli, F., Manzini, C., Oliva, M., Pretti, C., Campani, T., Casini, S., and Fossi, M.C. (2022). The Culturable Mycobiota of Sediments and Associated Microplastics: From a Harbor to a Marine Protected Area, a Comparative Study. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8090927"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11636","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02212","article-title":"Bacterial Candidates for Colonization and Degradation of Marine Plastic Debris","volume":"53","author":"Roager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202200428","article-title":"Understanding Challenges Associated with Plastic and Bacterial Approach toward Plastic Degradation","volume":"63","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Basic. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9195-y","article-title":"Degradation of Plastics and Plastic-Degrading Bacteria in Cold Marine Habitats","volume":"102","author":"Urbanek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c05405","article-title":"Plastic Debris as a Vector for Bacterial Disease: An Interdisciplinary Systematic Review","volume":"56","author":"Beloe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NP00061A","article-title":"Marine Chemical Ecology in Benthic Environments","volume":"36","author":"Puglisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamat, S., Kumar, S., Philip, S., and Kumari, M. (2022). Secondary Metabolites from Marine Fungi: Current Status and Application. Microbial Biomolecules: Emerging Approach in Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals and Environment Management, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99476-7.00001-6"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163708","article-title":"Marine Chemical Ecology: Chemical Signals and Cues Structure Marine Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Hay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13398","article-title":"Novel Bioactive Natural Products from Bacteria via Bioprospecting, Genome Mining and Metabolic Engineering","volume":"12","author":"Sekurova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00290-4","article-title":"Promising Bioactive Compounds from the Marine Environment and Their Potential Effects on Various Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2010.04.004","article-title":"Fungal Secondary Metabolites\u2014Strategies to Activate Silent Gene Clusters","volume":"48","author":"Brakhage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s42398-021-00173-x","article-title":"Evaluation of Cellulase Production from Aspergillus Niger and Aspergillus Heteromorphus under Submerged and Solid-state Fermentation","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(02)00196-6","article-title":"Feruloyl Esterase from Aspergillus Niger a Comparison of the Production in Solid State and Submerged Fermentation","volume":"38","author":"Asther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"4275","article-title":"Production of Cellulase by Submerged and Solid-State Cultures and Yeasts Selection for Conversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol","volume":"14","author":"Vintila","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"480","article-title":"Solid State and Submerged Fermentation for the Production of Bioactive Substances: A Comparative Study","volume":"3","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1504-3","article-title":"Biotechnological Advantages of Laboratory-Scale Solid-State Fermentation with Fungi","volume":"64","author":"Lenz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, J.T., Tarasco, M., Gavaia, P.J., Cancela, M.L., and Laiz\u00e9, V. (2022). Screening of Mineralogenic and Osteogenic Compounds in Zebrafish\u2014Tools to Improve Assay Throughput and Data Accuracy. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15080983"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carson, M.A., Nelson, J., Cancela, M.L., Laiz\u00e9, V., Gavaia, P.J., Rae, M., Heesch, S., Verzin, E., Maggs, C., and Gilmore, B.F. (2018). Red Algal Extracts from Plocamium Lyngbyanum and Ceramium Secundatum Stimulate Osteogenic Activities in Vitro and Bone Growth in Zebrafish Larvae. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26024-0"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.06.035","article-title":"Osteotoxicity of 3-Methylcholanthrene in Fish","volume":"161","author":"Gavaia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14659","article-title":"Diversity and Bioactivity of Fungi Associated with the Marine Sea Cucumber Holothuria Poli: Disclosing the Strains Potential for Biomedical Applications","volume":"129","author":"Marchese","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c01748","article-title":"Identifying Marine-Derived Tanzawaic Acid Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors against Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoporosis via Downregulation of NF-\u039aB and NFATc1 Activation","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.J., Lee, J., Wang, W., Lee, Y., Oh, E., Park, K.H., Park, C., Woo, G.E., Son, Y.J., and Kang, H. (2021). Austalide k from the Fungus Penicillium Rudallense Prevents Lps-Induced Bone Loss in Mice by Inhibiting Osteoclast Differentiation and Promoting Osteoblast Differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115493"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.116068","article-title":"Discovery of a Novel Anti-Osteoporotic Agent from Marine Fungus-Derived Structurally Diverse Sirenins","volume":"265","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, H.J., Choi, B.K., Trinh, P.T.H., Lee, H.S., Kang, J.S., Van, T.T.T., Lee, H.S., Lee, J.S., Lee, Y.J., and Lee, J. (2018). Suppression of RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by the Metabolites from the Marine Fungus Aspergillus Flocculosus Isolated from a Sponge Stylissa Sp. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16010014"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Shi, T., and Wang, B. (2024). The Genus Cladosporium: A Prospective Producer of Natural Products. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031652"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.Y., Chen, Y.S., Wang, Y., Zou, Z.B., Xie, M.M., Li, Y., Li, L.S., Meng, D.L., Wu, L.Q., and Yang, X.W. (2024). Anti-Necroptosis and Anti-Ferroptosis Compounds from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Aspergillus Sp. MCCC 3A00392. Bioorg Chem., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107175"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, G., Kong, F., Wang, Y., Fu, P., and Zhu, W. (2018). Cladodionen, a Cytotoxic Hybrid Polyketide from the Marine-Derived Cladosporium Sp. OUCMDZ-1635. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16020071"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafez Ghoran, S., Taktaz, F., Sousa, E., Fernandes, C., and Kijjoa, A. (2023). Peptides from Marine-Derived Fungi: Chemistry and Biological Activities\u2020. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21100510"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, G.A., and Ibrahim, S.R.M. (2021). Untapped Potential of Marine-Associated Cladosporium Species: An Overview on Secondary Metabolites, Biotechnological Relevance, and Biological Activities. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19110645"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvatore, M.M., Andolfi, A., and Nicoletti, R. (2021). The Genus Cladosporium: A Rich Source of Diverse and Bioactive Natural Compounds. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133959"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soliman, E.R.S., and El-Sayed, H. (2021). Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Wild Egyptian Mushrooms: Bjerkandera Adusta as a Promising Source of Bioactive Antimicrobial Phenolic Compounds. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00200-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicoletti, R., and Trincone, A. (2016). Bioactive Compounds Produced by Strains of Penicillium and Talaromyces of Marine Origin. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14020037"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, P., Mahajan, N., O\u2019Connell, E., Fearnhead, H., Tuohy, M., Krawczyk, J., Thomas, O.P., Barry, F., and Murphy, M.J. (2020). A Novel High-Throughput Screening Platform Identifies Itaconate Derivatives from Marine Penicillium Antarcticum as Inhibitors of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18040192"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2024.105836","article-title":"Citrisorbicillinol, an Undescribed Hybrid Sorbicillinoid with Osteogenic Activity from Penicillium Citrinum ZY-2","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Xie, X., Xu, X., and Zou, X. (2024). Water-Soluble Biopolymers Calcium Polymalate Derived from Fermentation Broth of Aureobasidium Pullulans Markedly Alleviates Osteoporosis and Fatigue. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132013"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, T., Kusano, K., Kondo, N., Nishikawa, K., Kuge, T., and Ohno, N. (2021). Biological Activity of High-Purity \u03b2-1,3-1,6-Glucan Derived from the Black Yeast Aureobasidium Pullulans: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010242"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.08.011","article-title":"Antiosteoporotic Effect of Polycan, \u03b2-Glucan from Aureobasidium, in Ovariectomized Osteoporotic Mice","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530050816","article-title":"Investigation of Poly(\u03b2-L-Malic Acid) Production by Strains of Aureobasidium Pullulans","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3358-4","article-title":"High-Level Production of Poly (\u03b2-L-Malic Acid) with a New Isolated Aureobasidium Pullulans Strain","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24876","article-title":"Production of Polymalic Acid and Malic Acid by Aureobasidium Pullulans Fermentation and Acid Hydrolysis","volume":"110","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genome Sequencing of Four Aureobasidium Pullulans Varieties: Biotechnological Potential, Stress Tolerance, and Description of New Species","volume":"15","author":"Ohm","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chi, Z., Wang, G.Y., Wang, Z.P., Liu, G.L., Lee, C.F., Ma, Z.C., and Chi, Z.M. (2015). Taxonomy of Aureobasidium Spp. and Biosynthesis and Regulation of Their Extracellular Polymers. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 41.","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.826176"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/10575639808048871","article-title":"Mactanamide, a New Fungistatic Diketopiperazine Produced by a Marine Aspergillus Sp","volume":"12","author":"Lorenz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7852","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Toxicity, and Formulations of Daidzein: An Important Isoflavone","volume":"37","author":"Laddha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"60","article-title":"Secondary Metabolites from the Antarctic Fungi Cladosporium Sp. NJF4 and NJF6","volume":"32","author":"Junnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Polar Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-05033-x","article-title":"Metabolic Bone Disorders and the Promise of Marine Osteoactive Compounds","volume":"81","author":"Carletti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcadet, L., Bouredji, Z., Argaw, A., and Frenette, J. (2022). The Roles of RANK\/RANKL\/OPG in Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth Muscles in Health and Disease. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.903657"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.04.042","article-title":"The Evolving Roles of Wnt Signaling in Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, the Development of Human Diseases, and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of Fungal Terpene Synthases and Their Regulation","volume":"39","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Zhao, X., Jiang, Y., Jin, B., and Wang, L. (2023). Functions of Representative Terpenoids and Their Biosynthesis Mechanisms in Medicinal Plants. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121725"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Looker, K.J., Magaret, A.S., Turner, K.M.E., Vickerman, P., Gottlieb, S.L., and Newman, L.M. (2015). Global Estimates of Prevalent and Incident Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infections in 2012. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128615"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61908-4","article-title":"Genital Herpes","volume":"370","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105791","article-title":"Current State and Challenges in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Drug Discovery and Development","volume":"221","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.11.039","article-title":"Costs and Healthcare Utilisation Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Paediatric Patients in Italy: A Systematic Review","volume":"227","author":"Bechini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argenziano, M., Arduino, I., Ritt\u00e0, M., Molinar, C., Feyles, E., Lembo, D., Cavalli, R., and Donalisio, M. (2023). Enhanced Anti-Herpetic Activity of Valacyclovir Loaded in Sulfobutyl-Ether-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin-Decorated Chitosan Nanodroplets. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102460"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2024.0011","article-title":"Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Adults","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1342086","article-title":"A New Antiviral Pregnane from a Gorgonian-Derived Cladosporium Sp. Fungus","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.2c00322","article-title":"Oxalierpenes A and B, Unusual Indole-Diterpenoid Derivatives with Antiviral Activity from a Marine-Derived Strain of the Fungus Penicillium Oxalicum","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7991","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c09753","article-title":"Biotransformation of Patchouli Alcohol by Cladosporium Cladosporioides and the Anti-Influenza Virus Activities of Biotransformation Products","volume":"72","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(99)00321-2","article-title":"Isolation and Structure of Sch 351633: A Novel Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3 Protease Inhibitor from the Fungus Penicillium Griseofulvum","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngamcharungchit, C., Chaimusik, N., Panbangred, W., Euanorasetr, J., and Intra, B. (2023). Bioactive Metabolites from Terrestrial and Marine Actinomycetes. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155915"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowacka, N., Nowak, R., Drozd, M., Olech, M., Los, R., and Malm, A. (2015). Antibacterial, Antiradical Potential and Phenolic Compounds of Thirty-One Polish Mushrooms. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140355"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgousaki, K., Tsafantakis, N., Gumeni, S., Lambrinidis, G., Gonz\u00e1lez-Men\u00e9ndez, V., Tormo, J.R., Genilloud, O., Trougakos, I.P., and Fokialakis, N. (2020). Biological Evaluation and in Silico Study of Benzoic Acid Derivatives from Bjerkandera Adusta Targeting Proteostasis Network Modules. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030666"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112790","article-title":"Antiviral Potential of Natural Products from Marine Microbes","volume":"207","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1021\/np500650t","article-title":"Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prenylated Dihydroquinolone Derivatives from the Gorgonian-Derived Fungus Aspergillus Sp. XS-20090B15","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6113","DOI":"10.3390\/md12126113","article-title":"Territrem and Butyrolactone Derivatives from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus Terreus","volume":"12","author":"Nong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2017.02.005","article-title":"Antiviral Peptides from Marine Gorgonian-Derived Fungus Aspergillus Sp. SCSIO 41501","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00196-6","article-title":"Fungal Melanin Inhibitor and Related Compounds from Penicillium Decumbens","volume":"60","author":"Fujii","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Metabolites of Terrestrial Plants and Marine Organisms as Potential Regulators of Growth of Agricultural Plants in the Russian Far East","volume":"6","author":"Anisimov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-012-1007-9","article-title":"Decumbenone C, a New Cytotoxic Decaline Derivative from the Marine Fungus Aspergillus Sulphureus KMM 4640","volume":"35","author":"Zhuravleva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Decumbenones A\u2013C from Marine Fungus Aspergillus Sulphureus as Stimulators of the Initial Stages of Development of Agricultural Plants","volume":"3","author":"Anisimov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L.J., Peng, X.Y., Zhang, Y.H., Liu, Z.Q., Li, X., Gu, Y.C., Shao, C.L., Han, Z., and Wang, C.Y. (2020). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Polyketides from a Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Aspergillus Versicolor SH0105. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18120636"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2024.106136","article-title":"Two New Types of Structures from Soft Coral-Associated Epiphytic Fungus Aspergillus Versicolor CGF9-1-2","volume":"177","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"90","article-title":"Polyketides from a Sponge-Derived Fungus, Aspergillus Versicolor","volume":"13","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Product. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1026342","article-title":"Versicorin, a New Lovastatin Analogue from the Fungus Aspergillus Versicolor SC0156","volume":"29","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1247","article-title":"New Metabolites from a Marine Sediment-Derived Fungus, Aspergillus Carneus","volume":"10","author":"Yurchenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-012-0057-5","article-title":"Five New Polyketides from the Basidiomycete Craterellus Odoratus","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2025, February 24). Primary High Throughput Screening by Co-Culture Imaging for Identification Hits as a Selective Cytotoxic Compound to Cancer Cells in an EMT-Like State. PubChem Bioassay Record for AID 1345086, Source: University of Iowa High-Throughput Screening Core (UIHTS), Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioassay\/1345086."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-016-1610-y","article-title":"New Kipukasin from Marine Isolate of the Fungus Aspergillus Flavus","volume":"52","author":"Zhuravleva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, S., Xia, M., Chen, M., Liu, X., Li, Z., Xie, Y., Shao, Z., and Zhang, G. (2019). Cytotoxic Polyketides Isolated from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Penicillium Chrysogenum MCCC 3A00292. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17120686"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-020-0203-6","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Antimicrobial Metabolites from Sea Anemone-Derived Fungus Emericella Sp. SMA01","volume":"39","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-827-6_12","article-title":"Biolog Phenotype Microarrays","volume":"881","author":"Shea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-003-0830-1","article-title":"Development of Two Bone-Derived Cell Lines from the Marine Teleost Sparus Aurata; Evidence for Extracellular Matrix Mineralization and Cell-Type-Specific Expression of Matrix Gla Protein and Osteocalcin","volume":"315","author":"Pombinho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-007-9098-8","article-title":"Establishment of Primary Cell Cultures from Fish Calcified Tissues","volume":"55","author":"Marques","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarasco, M., Laiz\u00e9, V., Cardeira, J., Cancela, M.L., and Gavaia, P.J. (2017). The Zebrafish Operculum: A Powerful System to Assess Osteogenic Bioactivities of Molecules with Pharmacological and Toxicological Relevance. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 197.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2017.04.006"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2024.105897","article-title":"Polyoxometalate Exerts Broad-Spectrum Activity against Human Respiratory Viruses Hampering Viral Entry","volume":"226","author":"Arduino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/3\/115\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:14Z","timestamp":1760028554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/23\/3\/115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["md23030115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md23030115","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]}}}