{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:05:41Z","timestamp":1777712741471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["10.54499\/UIDP\/00102\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDP\/00102\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["10.54499\/UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine macroalgae (seaweed) are a rich source of bioactive polysaccharides such as agar, carrageenan, and alginate. These three compounds are classified as food additive ingredients, widely used as gelling, thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying agents in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, the growing concern for a safer world has sparked renewed interest in their safety evaluation. Unlike synthetic compounds with specified structures, seaweed polysaccharides exhibit substantial structural heterogeneity due to variations in species, habitat, and processing, affecting bioactivity, digestibility, and interactions within the gastrointestinal tract. Although the safety of these compounds is generally accepted, there are still significant gaps in our understanding of their physicochemical behaviour. This highlights the need to develop a standardized digestion model to ensure their safety and evaluate their potential long-term health effects. Most of these compounds are only partially absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, where they are fermented into metabolites with varying health effects. The safety of carrageenan, in particular, remains a subject of debate due to ambiguous results reported by various researchers\u2019 groups. This review highlights the importance of adopting standardized digestion assays, integrated analytical tools, and multidisciplinary approaches. These are crucial for thoroughly evaluating the molecular integrity, metabolism, and biological impact of seaweed polysaccharides, which will ultimately support evidence-based regulatory frameworks and ensure their safe use in human nutrition. This critical analysis focuses on food safety and security, with a methodology that can be applied to other foods or compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23110412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T02:03:48Z","timestamp":1761185028000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seaweed Polysaccharides: A Rational Approach for Food Safety Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cotas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3064-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Figueirinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0157-6648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Valado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Health Technology (ESTESC), Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People & Planet, Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology\u2014Marine Algae Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salido, M., Soto, M., and Seoane, S. 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