{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T10:21:18Z","timestamp":1779013278051,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PhD grant scholarships","award":["2024.02679.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.02679.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"PhD grant scholarships","award":["2023.02254.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.02254.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT) through the European Social Fund (ESF) and national funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["02185500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02185500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fucoxanthin (Fx), a marine xanthophyll carotenoid, has attracted considerable scientific attention due to its wide-ranging biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anticancer effects. Despite its substantial therapeutic potential, the clinical application of Fx and its derivatives remains constrained by their structural complexity, low chemical stability, and limited bioavailability. This review offers a thorough and up-to-date overview of Fx, encompassing its primary natural sources, the metabolic biotransformation to fucoxanthinol (FxOH) and amarouciaxanthin A\u2014metabolites whose bioactive properties significantly contribute to the observed in vivo effects\u2014and the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activities of Fx and its metabolites, with emphasis on their modulation of key intracellular signalling pathways involved in inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cell proliferation. Furthermore, it explores how targeted structural modifications may enhance the pharmacokinetic profiles and expand the therapeutic potential of Fx-based compounds, while highlighting promising strategies for their optimisation. By integrating insights from pharmacology, biochemistry, and synthetic chemistry, this work aims to guide future efforts in the rational design of marine-derived bioactive agents and underscores the value of marine biodiversity in therapeutic innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23110440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:33:04Z","timestamp":1763469184000},"page":"440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structure Meets Function: Dissecting Fucoxanthin\u2019s Bioactive Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9681-4066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Mechanistic Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0153-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vict\u00f3ria","family":"Bombarda-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Mechanistic Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Tavares-Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Necton S.A., Belamandil s\/n, 8700-152 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e2nica e Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Mechanistic Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6705-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Fresco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Mechanistic Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkes, R., Archer, L., Gee, D.M., Smyth, T.J., Gillespie, E., and Touzet, N. 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