{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T16:59:06Z","timestamp":1764781146461,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The crude ethyl acetate extract of the culture of a marine sponge-associated fungus, Aspergillus unguis KUFA 0098, was tested for its capacity to inhibit the growth of ten phytopathogenic fungi, viz. Alternaria brassicicola, Bipolaris oryzae, Colletotrichum capsici, Curvularia oryzae, Fusarium semitectum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phytophthora palmivora, Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia oryzae, and Sclerotium roflsii. At a concentration of 1 g\/L, the crude extract was most active against P. palmivora, causing the highest growth inhibition (55.32%) of this fungus but inactive against R. oryzae and S. roflsii. At a concentration of 10 g\/L, the crude extract completely inhibited the growth of most of the fungi, except for L. theobromae, R. oryzae, and S. roflsii, with 94.50%, 74.12%, and 67.80% of inhibition, respectively. The crude extract of A. unguis KUFA 0098 exhibited growth-inhibitory effects against B. oryzae and P. oryzae, causative agents of brown leaf spot disease and leaf blast disease, respectively, on rice plant var. KDML105, under greenhouse conditions. Chromatographic fractionation and purification of the extract led to the isolation of four previously described depsidones, viz. unguinol (1), 2-chlorounguinol (2), 2,4-dichlorounguinol (3), and folipastatin (4), as well as one polyphenol, aspergillusphenol A (5). The major compounds, i.e., 1, 2, and 4, were tested against the ten phytopathogenic fungi. Compounds 1 and 4 were able to inhibit growth of most of the fungi, except L. theobromae, R. oryzae, and S. roflsii. Compound 1 showed the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as that of carbendazim against A. brassicicola, C. capsici, C. oryzae, and P. oryzae, while compound 4 showed the same MIC values as that of carbendazim against only C. capsici and P. oryzae. Compound 2 was not active against all of the ten phytopathogenic fungi tested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md23120461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T16:47:37Z","timestamp":1764780457000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Phytopathogenic Fungal Activity of a Culture Extract of the Marine-Derived Fungus, Aspergillus\u00a0unguis KUFA 0098, and Its Major Depsidone Constituents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1434-3958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Decha","family":"Kumla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, 169 Long Had Bangsaen Rd., Chonburi 20131, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5433-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana I. C.","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e2nica e Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto and CIIMAR, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e2nica e Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto and CIIMAR, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9079-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tida","family":"Dethoup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8352-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Gales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (i3S-IBMC), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE 7 RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3321-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anake","family":"Kijjoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and CIIMAR, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhao, H., and Chen, X. (2021). Screening of marine bioactive antimicrobial compounds for plant pathogens. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19020069"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Singh, J., and Yadav, A.N. (2020). Natural products as fungicide and their role in crop protection. 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