{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:49:48Z","timestamp":1768790988385,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,5]],"date-time":"2010-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that produce an array of secondary compounds with selective bioactivity against vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, microalgae, fungi, bacteria, viruses and cell lines. The aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of aqueous, methanolic and hexane crude extracts of benthic and picoplanktonic cyanobacteria isolated from estuarine environments, towards the nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina and embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The A. salina lethality test was used as a frontline screen and then complemented by the more specific sea urchin embryo-larval assay. Eighteen cyanobacterial isolates, belonging to the genera Cyanobium, Leptolyngbya, Microcoleus, Phormidium, Nodularia, Nostoc and Synechocystis, were tested. Aqueous extracts of cyanobacteria strains showed potent toxicity against A. salina, whereas in P. lividus, methanolic and aqueous extracts showed embryo toxicity, with clear effects on development during early stages. The results suggest that the brackishwater cyanobacteria are producers of bioactive compounds with toxicological effects that may interfere with the dynamics of invertebrate populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md8030471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]],"date-time":"2010-03-08T11:22:08Z","timestamp":1268047328000},"page":"471-482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Primary Screening of the Bioactivity of Brackishwater Cyanobacteria: Toxicity of Crude Extracts to Artemia salina Larvae and Paracentrotus lividus Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Viviana R.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEGE\/CIIMAR\/CIMAR_LA, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Genomic and Evolution, Centre of Environmental and Marine Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recursos Mari\u00f1os e Pesquer\u00edas, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Alejandro de la Sota, no.1 C.P:15008 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ros\u00e1rio F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEGE\/CIIMAR\/CIMAR_LA, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Genomic and Evolution, Centre of Environmental and Marine Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2013Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, R.Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEGE\/CIIMAR\/CIMAR_LA, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Genomic and Evolution, Centre of Environmental and Marine Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/07388550500248498","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae: an overview","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1139\/W08-034","article-title":"Cyanobacterial bioactive molecules--an overview of their toxic properties","volume":"54","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00212678","article-title":"Acute toxicity of several organophosphorous insecticides and protection by cholinergic antagonist and 2-PAM on Artemia salina larvae","volume":"31","author":"Sanz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(03)00147-8","article-title":"The use of a brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay to assess the toxicity of diatom extracts and short chain aldehydes","volume":"42","author":"Caldwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(81)90012-9","article-title":"Proposal for a short-term toxicity test with Artemia nauplii","volume":"5","author":"Vanhaecke","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"169","article-title":"Brine shrimp, Artemia salina: a potential screening organism for initial teratology screening","volume":"26","author":"Sleet","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc West Pharmacol Soc"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-2-17","article-title":"A comparison between two brine shrimp assays to detect in vitro cytotoxicity in marine natural products","volume":"2","author":"Carballo","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.12.037","article-title":"Use of the genus Artemia in ecotoxicity testing","volume":"14","author":"Nunes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1021\/jm800516j","article-title":"Book Review of Bioactive Natural Products. 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