{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T11:10:25Z","timestamp":1770117025943,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has been increasing. Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer irresponsive to radiation and chemotherapy, rendering this cancer a disease with poor prognosis: In order to surpass some of the limitations addressed to melanoma treatment, alternatives like vitamins have been investigated. In the present study, we address this relationship and investigate the possible role of vitamin A. Materials and Methods: We perform a co-culture assay using a macrophage cell model and RAW 264.7 from mouse, and also a murine melanoma cell line B16-F10. Macrophages were stimulated with both Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as control, and also with LPS plus vitamin A. Results: Using B16-F10 and RAW 264.7 cell lines, we were able to demonstrate that low concentrations of vitamin A increase cytotoxic activity of macrophages, whereas higher concentrations have the opposite effect. Conclusion: These findings can constitute a new point of view related to immunostimulation by nutrients, which may be considered one major preventive strategy by enhancing the natural defense system of the body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55090604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T11:01:15Z","timestamp":1568804475000},"page":"604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vitamin A Enhances Macrophages Activity Against B16-F10 Malignant Melanocytes: A New Player for Cancer Immunotherapy?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2432-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana G.","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto (FCNAUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8933-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.09.015","article-title":"Melanoma and obesity: Should antioxidant vitamins be addressed?","volume":"165","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, D., George, J., Aucoin, D., Bower, J., Burrell, S., Gilbert, R., and Bower, N. (2019). The Pathogenesis and Clinical Management of Cutaneous Melanoma: An Evidence-Based Review. J. Med. Imaging Radiat. 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