{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:31:17Z","timestamp":1777681877275,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Athletes from combat sports are grouped into a series of weight categories that are intended to promote fair competition. Differences in performance are partly attributable to differences in body size. Consequently, ratio standards in which a performance variable is simply divided by an anthropometric characteristic such as body mass are often used, although this application is not recommended. This study aimed to obtain allometric models to interpret Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) outputs among male adult athletes from combat sports. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 64 participants aged 18\u201339 years (24.2 \u00b1 4.6 years). Stature and body mass (BM) were measured and air displacement plethysmography used to estimate fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM). Lower-limb lean soft tissue (LL-LST) was derived from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. WAnT outputs were peak power (WAnT-PP) and mean power (WAnT-MP). Allometric models were obtained from simple and multiple linear regressions using log-transformed variables. Results: Models derived from a single three-dimension descriptor explained a large portion of variance: WAnT-PP (BM: 31.1%; FFM: 54%; LL-LST: 47.2%) and WAnT-MP (BM: 50.1%; FFM: 57.4%; LL-LST: 62.7%). Finally, the best proportional allometric models emerged from the combination of LL-LST and FFM (WAnT-PP: 55%; WAnT-MP: 65%). Conclusions: The relationship between weight categories and performance did not seem to be explained by the basic principles of geometric similarity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56090480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T08:18:01Z","timestamp":1600676281000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Allometric Modeling of Wingate Test among Adult Male Athletes from Combat Sports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Manuel J.","family":"Coelho-e-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid\/dtp\/04213\/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University of Coimbra, FCDEF, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Sousa-e-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid\/dtp\/04213\/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University of Coimbra, FCDEF, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius S.","family":"Morato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University of Coimbra, FCDEF, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela C.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid\/dtp\/04213\/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University of Coimbra, FCDEF, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo V.","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid\/dtp\/04213\/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University of Coimbra, FCDEF, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9619-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds M.","family":"Rama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid\/dtp\/04213\/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University of Coimbra, FCDEF, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0980-0269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Valente-dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid\/dtp\/04213\/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusofona University of Humanities and Technologies, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9166-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 O.","family":"Werneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar M.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim M.","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6118-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Soles-Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7536-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid\/dtp\/04213\/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University of Coimbra, FCDEF, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00609411","article-title":"Definition and systems view of anaerobic capacity","volume":"69","author":"Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"319","article-title":"Assessment of maximal-intensity exercise","volume":"2","author":"Eston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, Procedures and Data"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"90","article-title":"Study of physiological profile of Indian boxers","volume":"5","author":"Khanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181a07a9a","article-title":"Maximal anaerobic power test in athletes of different sport disciplines","volume":"23","author":"Gacesa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0159-9","article-title":"Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes","volume":"44","author":"Bridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"572","article-title":"Relationships among measurements of explosive strength and anaerobic power","volume":"1","author":"Nelson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biomechanics IV"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198704060-00001","article-title":"The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology, reliability and validity","volume":"4","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Inbar, O., Bar-Or, O., and Skinner, J.S. (1996). The Wingate Anaerobic Test, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"701","article-title":"Short-term muscle power during growth and maturation","volume":"32","author":"Dore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1949.2.1.1","article-title":"Fallacy of per-weight and per-surface area standards, and their relation to spurious correlation","volume":"2","author":"Tanner","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705066","article-title":"Scaling physiological measurements for individuals of different body size","volume":"65","author":"Nevill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1703-4","article-title":"Predictors of maximal short-term power outputs in basketball players 14\u201316 years","volume":"111","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"653","article-title":"Modelling maximum oxygen uptake: A case-study in non-linear regression model formulation and comparison","volume":"43","author":"Nevill","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10351","article-title":"Are adult physiques geometrically similar? The dangers of allometric scaling using body mass power laws","volume":"124","author":"Nevill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthrop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22681","article-title":"The effects of sports participation on the development of left ventricular mass in adolescent boys","volume":"27","author":"Castanheira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lohmann, T.G., Roche, A.F., and Martorell, R. (1998). Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho-e-Silva, M.J., Rebelo-Gon\u00e7alves, R., Martinho, D., Ahmed, A., Luz, L.G.O., Duarte, J.P., Severino, V., Baptista, R.C., Valente-dos-Santos, J., and Vaz, V. (2018). Reproducibility of estimated optimal peak output using a force-velocity test on a cycle ergometer. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193234"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"480","article-title":"Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods","volume":"9","author":"Siri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardinha, L.B., Santos, D.A., Silva, A.M., Coelho-e-Silva, M.J., Raimundo, A.M., Moreira, H., Santos, R., Vale, S., Baptista, F., and Mota, J. (2012). Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity in a representative sample of Portuguese adults. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047883"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1154-y","article-title":"Energetics of karate (kata and kumite techniques) in top-level athletes","volume":"107","author":"Doria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"738","article-title":"Assessment of maximal cardiorespiratory performance and muscle power in the Italian Olympic judoka","volume":"21","author":"Sbriccoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"80","article-title":"Physical and physiological characteristics of elite taekwondo athletes","volume":"3","author":"Taaffe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Commonwealth and International Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"240","article-title":"Physiological and anthropometric profile of elite kickboxers","volume":"9","author":"Zabukovec","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232040-00002","article-title":"Physiological profiles of elite senior wrestlers","volume":"32","author":"Yoon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-9080.1000104","article-title":"The Use of Performance Tests for the Physiological Monitoring of Training in Combat Sports: A Case Study of a World Ranked Mixed Martial Arts Fighter","volume":"2","author":"Lovell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Athl. Enhanc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2017.1355012","article-title":"Allometric scaling of power-force-velocity ergometry profiles in men","volume":"44","author":"Jaafar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0655-1","article-title":"Size Exponents for scaling maximal oxygen uptake in over 6500 humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Lolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80266-4","article-title":"Anaerobic performance of arms and legs in male and female free style wrestlers","volume":"7","author":"Kosmol","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000833","article-title":"Comparison of physical and physiological profiles in elite and amateur young wrestlers","volume":"29","author":"Demirkan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001738","article-title":"Physical and physiological attributes of wrestlers: An update","volume":"31","author":"Chaabene","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2383-z","article-title":"Energetics of basic karate kata","volume":"112","author":"Bussweiler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.3.963","article-title":"Modeling developmental changes in strength and aerobic power in children","volume":"84","author":"Nevill","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4079.1201","article-title":"Size and shape in biology","volume":"179","author":"McMahon","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.1.05","article-title":"Rapid weight loss and the body fluid balance and hemoglobin mass of elite amateur boxers","volume":"48","author":"Reljic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"106","article-title":"Differences in force-velocity characteristics of upper and lower limbs of non-competitive male boxers","volume":"5","author":"Giovani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0274-7","article-title":"Amateur boxing: Physical and physiological attributes","volume":"45","author":"Tabben","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198704040-00004","article-title":"Standard anaerobic exercise tests","volume":"4","author":"Vandewalle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0063","article-title":"Comparative study between the wingate and force-velocity anaerobic cycling tests: Effect of physical fitness","volume":"11","author":"Jaafar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/56\/9\/480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:11:59Z","timestamp":1760177519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/56\/9\/480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina56090480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina56090480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]}}}