{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T23:58:47Z","timestamp":1769558327070,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]],"date-time":"2021-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) allows deep exploration of the small bowel and combines diagnostic and therapeutic capacities. Suspected mid-gastrointestinal bleeding is the most frequent indication for DAE, and vascular lesions, particularly angioectasia, are the most common etiology. Nevertheless, the diagnostic yield of DAE for the detection of these lesions is suboptimal. Deep learning algorithms have shown great potential for automatic detection of lesions in endoscopy. We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model for the automatic detection of angioectasia DAE images. Materials and Methods: A convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed using DAE images. Each frame was labeled as normal\/mucosa or angioectasia. The image dataset was split for the constitution of training and validation datasets. The latter was used for assessing the performance of the CNN. Results: A total of 72 DAE exams were included, and 6740 images were extracted (5345 of normal mucosa and 1395 of angioectasia). The model had a sensitivity of 88.5%, a specificity of 97.1% and an AUC of 0.988. The image processing speed was 6.4 ms\/frame. Conclusions: The application of AI to DAE may have a significant impact on the management of patients with suspected mid-gastrointestinal bleeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57121378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T02:50:18Z","timestamp":1639968618000},"page":"1378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Deep Learning and Device-Assisted Enteroscopy: Automatic Detection of Gastrointestinal Angioectasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Mascarenhas Saraiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9427-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-921188","article-title":"Double-Balloon Enteroscopy: Indications, Diagnostic Yield, and Complications in a Series of 275 Patients with Suspected Small-Bowel Disease","volume":"38","author":"Heine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.05.041","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of obscure GI bleeding at double balloon endoscopy","volume":"66","author":"Ohmiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. 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