{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:04:18Z","timestamp":1766268258265,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Interpersonal violence is a social and public health problem globally, and though it is related to poor health outcomes across all genders, most research has been directed towards violence against women. As a result, the health consequences of men\u2019s victimization may be underreported and unaddressed. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between interpersonal violence and the psychological health outcomes of self-reported stress, anxiety, and depression among men. Materials and Methods: The study used data from the male sample (n = 2597) of the 2018 Health on Equal Terms Survey conducted in G\u00e4vleborg County in East-Central Sweden. Regression analysis was carried out to study the relationship between interpersonal violence and self-reported stress, anxiety, and depression. Results: The bivariate analysis showed that there was a statistically significant association between interpersonal violence and self-reported stress (OR 2.35; CI 1.45\u20133.81), anxiety (OR 1.54; CI 1.06\u20132.25), and depression (OR 2.30; CI 1.48\u20133.57). Controlling for other variables in the multivariate analysis removed the statistically significant relationship and reduced the odds ratios for stress (OR 1.46; CI 0.57\u20133.74), anxiety (OR 0.86; 0.40\u20131.84), and depression (OR 1.40; CI 0.67\u20133.32) respectively. Conclusions: The study found that interpersonal violence among men was associated with stress, anxiety and depression which was largely explained by demographic, socioeconomic, and health\/behavior-related factors. The findings suggest the need for longitudinal studies to assess causal links between male victimization and psychological health outcomes at the county level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59020235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T01:58:59Z","timestamp":1674784739000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Interpersonal Violence Is Associated with Self-Reported Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Men in East-Central Sweden: Results of a Population-Based Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Macassa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of G\u00e4vle, Kungsbacksv\u00e4gen 47, 80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2013Instituto de Saude Publica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6067-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Wijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University, Region G\u00e4vleborg, 80187 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, University of G\u00e4vle, Kungsbacksv\u00e4gen 47, 80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7558-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamunur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of G\u00e4vle, Kungsbacksv\u00e4gen 47, 80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0500-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Sofie","family":"Hisw\u00e5ls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of G\u00e4vle, Kungsbacksv\u00e4gen 47, 80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Chanvo","family":"Daca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cooperation, Ministry of Health, Directorate of Planning and Cooperation, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo P.O. Box 264, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5221-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Mid-Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidade Europeia, Estrada da Correia n\u00ba53, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480220089034","article-title":"Let\u2019s Be Clear: Violence Is a Public Health Problem","volume":"267","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240937","article-title":"Global health. The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women","volume":"340","author":"Devries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018","volume":"399","author":"Sardinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.288721","article-title":"Violence prevention: The case for action","volume":"100","author":"Bartolomeos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2002). World Report on Violence and Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f8m, R. (2018). Intimate Partner Violence against Men. A Systematic Review of How Definition, Study Characteristics and Quality Affects Prevalence. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Project in Criminology]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.7220\/2029-5820.24.2.2","article-title":"Domestic violence against men: Prevalence, implications, and consequences","volume":"24","author":"Enakele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Work. Exp. Methods"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wilkins, N., Tsao, B., Hertz, M., Davis, R., and Klevens, J. (2014). Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Institute."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006). Preventing Child Maltreatment: A Guide to Taking Action and Generating Evidence, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.7748\/ns2008.08.22.51.35.c6644","article-title":"Domestic violence against men","volume":"22","author":"Barber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nurs. Stand."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2192","article-title":"Domestic violence against men: Hidden victim","volume":"5","author":"Farhana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Manag. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770903103099","article-title":"Women\u2019s use of intimate partner violence against men: Prevalence, implications and consequences","volume":"18","author":"Hines","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bundeskriminalamt: Partnerschaftsgewalt (2022, November 04). Kriminalstatistische Auswertung. Berichtsjahr. Available online: www.file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/blaas\/Downloads\/Partnerschaftsgewalt_2018%20(1).pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"534","article-title":"Domestic Violence Against Men\u2014Prevalence and Risk Factors","volume":"117","author":"Kolbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-945","article-title":"Men\u2019s and women\u2019s exposure and perpetration of partner violence: An epidemiological study from Sweden","volume":"12","author":"Krantz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Br\u00e5 (2014). Brott i N\u00e4ra Relationer. En Nationell Kartl\u00e4ggning, Brottsf\u00f6rebyggande r\u00e5det."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"NCK (2014). V\u00e5ld och H\u00e4lsa. En Befolkningsunders\u00f6kning om Kvinnors och M\u00e4ns V\u00e5lds-Utsatthet samt Kopplingen till H\u00e4lsa. Danag\u00e5rd: LITHO [Violence and Health. A National Prevalence Study on Exposure to Violence among Women and Men], NCK-Report; Uppsala University."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24991","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.24991","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and poor mental health among Thai women residing in Sweden","volume":"7","author":"Fernbrant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-29","article-title":"Experience of physical violence and mental health among young men and women: A population-based study in Sweden","volume":"14","author":"Fridh","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Socialstyrelsen (2015). V\u00e5ld. Handbok om Socialtj\u00e4nstens och H\u00e4lsooch Sjukv\u00e5rdens Arbete med V\u00e5ld i N\u00e4ra Relationer, Socialstyrelsen."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00480","article-title":"The Effects of Violence on Health","volume":"38","author":"Rivara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020985541","article-title":"The effect of intimate partner violence on the physical health and health-related behaviours of women: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Stubbs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"FHM (2018). Syfte och Bakgrund till Fr\u00e5gorna i Nationella Folkh\u00e4lsoenk\u00e4ten H\u00e4lsa p\u00e5 Lika Villkor \u00e5r 2018. [Purpose and Background to the Questions in the National Public Health Survey Health in Equal Terms Survey 2018, Public Health Agency of Sweden], Folkh\u00e4lsomyn-digheten."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden (2000). Svensk Utbildningsnomenklatur: SUN 2000: Standard f\u00f6r Klassificering av Svensk Utbildning = Swedish Standard Classification of Education, Statistiska Centralbyr\u00e5n."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"IBM (2022). SPSS Statistics for Windows 27.0, IBM Corp."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"SNIPH (2013). The 2012 Health in Equal Terms Survey, Swedish National Institute of Public Health."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9482-9","article-title":"Male Victims of Domestic Violence","volume":"28","author":"Drijber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-013-0264-5","article-title":"Validity concerns in the measurement of women\u2019s and men\u2019s report of intimate partner violence","volume":"69","author":"Follingstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2017.1382638","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of psychological violence against male victims in intimate relationships in Canada","volume":"27","author":"Dim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women, World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/77432\/1\/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Breiding, M.J., Basile, K.C., Smith, S.G., Black, M.C., and Mahendra, R. (2022, June 28). Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended data Elements, Version 2.0, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/intimatepartnerviolence.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802420947003","article-title":"Male victims of sexual abuse and domestic violence: A steadily increasing phenomenon","volume":"61","author":"Margherita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"121","article-title":"Violence against men in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo: Study of reported cases","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00514-7","article-title":"Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women","volume":"23","author":"Coker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, Philip (2009). Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence, Praeger. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.5040\/9798216188391"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6402","article-title":"Healthcare Access and Cancer Screening Among Victims of Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"27","author":"Massetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.08.022","article-title":"Health Problems of Partner Violence Victims: Comparing help-seeking men to a population based sample","volume":"48","author":"Hines","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2008.04.016","article-title":"Revalence of dating violence and suicidal ideation among male and female university students worldwide","volume":"53","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/1524-9220.8.4.225","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms among men who sustain partner violence: An international multisite study of university students","volume":"8","author":"Hines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.1.3.286","article-title":"A Closer Look at Men Who Sustain Intimate Terrorism by Women","volume":"1","author":"Hines","year":"2010","journal-title":"Partn. Abus."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.11.019","article-title":"Does Screening in the Emergency Department Hurt or Help Victims of Intimate Partner Violence?","volume":"51","author":"Houry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9092-0","article-title":"Dating Violence Victimization, Relationship Satisfaction, Mental Health Problems, and Acceptability of Violence: A Comparison of Men and Women","volume":"22","author":"Kaura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.33.1.157","article-title":"Characteristics of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Experienced by a Sample of Portuguese Men","volume":"33","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9785-8","article-title":"Theoretical Considerations on Men\u2019s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence: An Interview-Based Study","volume":"31","author":"Nybergh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988306297794","article-title":"Mental Health Symptoms Among Male Victims of Partner Violence","volume":"1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021944","article-title":"A review of the evidence on the effects of intimate partner violence on men","volume":"12","author":"Randle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masc."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Straus, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Smith, C. (1995). Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 Families, Transaction; Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Tilbrook, E., Allan, A., and Dear, G. (2010). Intimate Partner Abuse of Men, Edith Cowan University."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"113","article-title":"Adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors associated with intimate partner violence\u2013United States, 2005","volume":"57","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490612100406","article-title":"Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence and Their Associations with Physical Health, Psychological Distress, and Substance Use","volume":"121","author":"Kruttschnitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Comer, R.J. (1992). Abnormal Psychology, Freeman."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-011-9382-4","article-title":"The Helpseeking Experiences of Men Who Sustain Intimate Partner Violence: An Overlooked 10 Trauma, violence, & Abuse, Population and Implications for Practice","volume":"26","author":"Douglas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.807","article-title":"Prevalence and Co-occurrence of Substance Use Disorders and Independent Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"61","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-020-00021-5","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of cannabis use by cumulative lifetime violence severity as target and\/or perpetrator in a community sample of eastern Canadian men","volume":"2","author":"Wuest","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cannabis Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aneshensel, C., Phelan, J., and Bierman, A. (2013). Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4276-5"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott-Storey, K., O\u2019Donnell, S., Ford-Gilboe, M., Varcoe, C., Wathen, N., Malcolm, J., and Vincent, C. (2022). What About the Men? A Critical Review of Men\u2019s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence. Trauma Violence Abus., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211043827"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott-Storey, K., O\u2019Donnell, S., Busolo, D., Di Tommaso, E., Malcolm, J., Taylor, P., Vincent, C.D., and Wuest, J. (2022). Cumulative lifetime violence severity, social determinants and anxiety in a national sample of Canadian men. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03865-8"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/15246090260137644","article-title":"Social Support Protects against the Negative Effects of Partner Violence on Mental Health","volume":"11","author":"Coker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health Gender-Based Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.1.65","article-title":"Physical violence, self-rated health, and morbidity: Is gender significant for victimization?","volume":"58","author":"Sundaram","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.14295\/aimj.v5i9.148","article-title":"Domestic violence against men: Simple joy or pure reality?","volume":"5","author":"Herculano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amadeus Int. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3149\/jmh.0801.22","article-title":"A Marked Man: Female-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Abuse","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1177\/107780102762478028","article-title":"Men\u2019s and Women\u2019s Use of Intimate Partner Violence in Clinical Samples","volume":"8","author":"Hamberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.5","article-title":"Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking","volume":"58","author":"Addis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2016.09.001","article-title":"The role of gender, sexuality and context upon help-seeking for intimate partner violence: A synthesis of data across five studies","volume":"31","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13500","article-title":"When the woman gets violent: The construction of domestic abuse experience from heterosexual men\u2019s perspective","volume":"26","author":"Entilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2015.1127986","article-title":"\u2018It\u2019s deemed unmanly\u2019: Men\u2019s experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV)","volume":"27","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Forensic Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Povey, D. (2008). Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Partner Violence 2006\/07, Research Development and Statistics, Crime Reduction and Community, Safety Group. [3rd ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/shared\/bsp\/hi\/pdfs\/homicides2007.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Hogan, K. (2016). Men\u2019s Experiences of Female-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Exploration. [Ph.D. Thesis, UWE-Repository Work tribe, University of the West of England]. Available online: http:\/\/eprints.uwe.ac.uk\/28618."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/1550428X.2011.564944","article-title":"Validation of a Measure of Psychological Aggression in Same-Sex Couples: Descriptive Data on Perpetration and Victimization and Their Association with Physical Violence","volume":"7","author":"Matte","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. GLBT Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00203.x","article-title":"Male Versus Female Intimate Partner Violence: Putting Controversial Findings into Context","volume":"67","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2014.933465","article-title":"Sex Differences in Response to Victimization by an Intimate Partner: More Stigmatization and Less Help-Seeking among Males","volume":"23","author":"Arnocky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-019-00086-8","article-title":"Help Seeking Experiences of Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in Canada: The Role of Gender, Violence Severity, and Social Belonging","volume":"35","author":"Barrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-016-9450-2","article-title":"Understanding Patterns of Intimate Partner Abuse in Male\u2013Male, Male\u2013Female, and Female\u2013Female Couples","volume":"88","author":"Gaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X211042847","article-title":"Help-Seeking Behaviors of Male Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in Kenya","volume":"44","author":"Tenkorang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000101","article-title":"Coping with multiple adversities: Men who sought medico-legal care because of physical violence from a partner or ex-partner","volume":"7","author":"Abt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Violence"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-016-9853-8","article-title":"Exploring Help Seeking Experiences of Male Victims of Female Perpetrators of IPV","volume":"32","author":"Machado","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000222","article-title":"Male victims of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence, help-seeking, and reporting behaviors: A qualitative study","volume":"21","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5390","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517719905","article-title":"\u201cHow Many Silences Are There?\u201d Men\u2019s Experience of Victimization in Intimate Partner Relationships","volume":"35","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellgren, L., Andersson, H., and Burcar, V. (2015). Du Kan ju Inte bli Slagen av en Tjej Liksom\u2014En Studie av M\u00e4n Som Utsatts f\u00f6r V\u00e5ld i N\u00e4ra relationer [\u201cYou Can\u2019t be Beaten by a Girl, you Know\u201d\u2014A Study of Men Who Have Been Subjected to Domestic Violence], Socialvetenskaplig Tidskrift.","DOI":"10.3384\/SVT.2015.22.1.2356"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036241","article-title":"An investigation of masculinity attitudes, gender and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking","volume":"16","author":"Yousaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000211","article-title":"Men\u2019s health-risk and protective behaviors: The effects of masculinity and masculine norms","volume":"20","author":"Salgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masc."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Karen, B. (2022). Barriers among Men Seeking Menal Health Service. [Ph.D. Thesis, California State University]. Available online: https:\/\/scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu\/etd\/1380."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423614000358","article-title":"Health professionals responding to men for safety (HERMES): Feasibility of a general practice training intervention to improve the response to male patients who have experienced or perpetrated domestic violence and abuse","volume":"16","author":"Williamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim. Health Care Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Bostr\u00f6m, G., and Nyqvist, K. (2010). Objective and Background of the Questions in the National Public Health Survey, Swedish National Institute of Public Health. (In Swedish)."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Bostr\u00f6m, G. (2014). What Non-Response means to the Result in Public Health Surveys?, Swedish National Institute of Public Health. (In Swedish)."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smx019","article-title":"Trends in U.S. Face-To-Face Household Survey Nonresponse and Level of Effort","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surv. Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Beullens, K., Loosveldt, G., Vandenplas, C., and Stoop, I. (2018). Response Rates in the European Social Survey: Increasing, Decreasing, or a Matter of Fieldwork Efforts?, Insights from the Field; Survey Methods. Available online: https:\/\/surveyinsights.org\/?p=9673."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940600607616","article-title":"Representativeness in population-based studies: A detailed description of non-response in a Danish cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Drivsholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015615130459","article-title":"Does non-responder bias have a significant effect on the results in a postal questionnaire study?","volume":"17","author":"Kotaniemi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"305","article-title":"Calibration as a standard method for treatment of nonresponse","volume":"15","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Off. Stat."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden (2018). Health on Equal terms Technical Report. Survey 2018 Report, G\u00e4vleborg County Council."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.005","article-title":"The relationship between social desirability bias and self-reports of health, substance use, and social network factors among urban substance users in Baltimore, Maryland","volume":"73","author":"Latkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Wenger, M.R. (2012). Patterns of Misreporting Intimate Partner Violence Using Matched Pairs. [Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University: State College]."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1385734","article-title":"Are mental illnesses stigmatized for the same reasons? Identifying the stigma-related beliefs un-derlying common mental illnesses","volume":"28","author":"Krendl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/2\/235\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:16:37Z","timestamp":1760120197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/2\/235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59020235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59020235","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]}}}