{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:09:59Z","timestamp":1777086599088,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Regenerative dentistry aims to regenerate the pulp\u2013dentin complex and restore those of its functions that have become compromised by pulp injury and\/or inflammation. Scaffold-based techniques are a regeneration strategy that replicate a biological environment by utilizing a suitable scaffold, which is considered crucial for the successful regeneration of dental pulp. The aim of the present review is to address the main characteristics of the different scaffolds, as well as their application in dentin\u2013pulp complex regeneration. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted by two independent reviewers to answer the research question: What type of scaffolds can be used in dentin\u2013pulp complex regeneration? An electronic search of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases was undertaken. Keywords including \u201cpulp-dentin regeneration scaffold\u201d and \u201cpulp-dentin complex regeneration\u201d were used. To locate additional reports, reference mining of the identified papers was undertaken. Results: A wide variety of biomaterials is already available for tissue engineering and can be broadly categorized into two groups: (i) natural, and (ii) synthetic, scaffolds. Natural scaffolds often contain bioactive molecules, growth factors, and signaling cues that can positively influence cell behavior. These signaling molecules can promote specific cellular responses, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, crucial for effective tissue regeneration. Synthetic scaffolds offer flexibility in design and can be tailored to meet specific requirements, such as size, shape, and mechanical properties. Moreover, they can be functionalized with bioactive molecules, growth factors, or signaling cues to enhance their biological properties and the manufacturing process can be standardized, ensuring consistent quality for widespread clinical use. Conclusions: There is still a lack of evidence to determine the optimal scaffold composition that meets the specific requirements and complexities needed for effectively promoting dental pulp tissue engineering and achieving successful clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T07:20:31Z","timestamp":1703056831000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Scaffolds for Dentin\u2013Pulp Complex Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana B.","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-2361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Brenda P. F. A.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Piracicaba 13083-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4989-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pe\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2865-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Miguel Marques","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-010-0154-z","article-title":"Dental pulp stem cells in regenerative dentistry","volume":"99","author":"Casagrande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"From regenerative dentistry to regenerative medicine: Progress, challenges, and potential applications of oral stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.149074","article-title":"Current overview on dental stem cells applications in regenerative dentistry","volume":"6","author":"Bansal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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