{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:14:42Z","timestamp":1761560082836,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0117\/2020","UIDB\/00297\/2020","UIDP\/00297\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0117\/2020","UIDB\/00297\/2020","UIDP\/00297\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Given the wide spectrum of clinical and laboratory manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is imperative to identify potential contributing factors to patients\u2019 outcomes. However, a limited number of studies have assessed how the different waves affected the progression of the disease, more so in Portugal. Therefore, our main purpose was to study the clinical and laboratory patterns of COVID-19 in an unvaccinated population admitted to the intensive care unit, identifying characteristics associated with death, in each of the first three waves of the pandemic. Materials and Methods: This study included 337 COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a single-center hospital in Lisbon, Portugal, between March 2020 and March 2021. Comparisons were made between three COVID-19 waves, in the second (n = 325) and seventh (n = 216) days after admission, and between discharged and deceased patients. Results: Deceased patients were considerably older (p = 0.021) and needed greater ventilatory assistance (p = 0.023), especially in the first wave. Differences between discharged and deceased patients\u2019 biomarkers were minimal in the first wave, on both analyzed days. In the second wave significant differences emerged in troponins, lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and white blood cell subpopulations, as well as platelet-to-lymphocyte and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (all p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, in the third wave, platelets and D-dimers were also significantly different between patients\u2019 groups (all p &lt; 0.05). From the second to the seventh days, troponins and lactate dehydrogenase showed significant decreases, mainly for discharged patients, while platelet counts increased (all p &lt; 0.01). Lymphocytes significantly increased in discharged patients (all p &lt; 0.05), while white blood cells rose in the second (all p &lt; 0.001) and third (all p &lt; 0.05) waves among deceased patients. Conclusions: This study yields insights into COVID-19 patients\u2019 characteristics and mortality-associated biomarkers during Portugal\u2019s first three COVID-19 waves, highlighting the importance of considering wave variations in future research due to potential significant outcome differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T09:56:27Z","timestamp":1703757387000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Characteristics and Laboratory Findings of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients during the First Three COVID-19 Waves in Portugal\u2014A Retrospective Single-Center Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6843-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana P.","family":"Von Rekowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0741-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago A. H.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1551-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Br\u00e1s-Geraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CEAUL\u2014Centro de Estat\u00edstica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cec\u00edlia R. C.","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMOSM\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Modela\u00e7\u00e3o e Optimiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Sistemas Multifuncionais, ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Intensive Care Department, CHULC\u2014Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Integrated Pathophysiological Mechanisms, CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Iola","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Math\u2014Center for Mathematics and Applications, NOVA SST\u2014Nova School of Sciences and Tecnology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, September 15). 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