{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:19:32Z","timestamp":1760059172433,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often exhibit some degree of intolerance to physical exercise and several limitations in daily activities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct a scoping review on the characteristics\u2014frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT)\u2014and the effects of exercise programs on quality of life and functional capacity in individuals with COPD. Materials and Methods: The present review included 21 studies that were scoping-reviewed to describe their main findings and training characteristics. Results: The participants across studies ranged in age from ~39 to 76 years with mild to very severe COPD stages. The results showed that, among all studies, eleven used cardiorespiratory training (e.g., walking or cycling), five used strength training (e.g., exercises with elastic bands or traditional resistance training), and five implemented combined training (i.e., cardiorespiratory and strength exercises). Conclusions: Overall, all training protocols improved aerobic capacity (cardiorespiratory training), strength (resistance training), and both capacities together (combined training). In conclusion, this review provided complementary insights to existing exercise prescription guidelines, particularly concerning cardiorespiratory, strength, and combined training in individuals with COPD. However, the methodologies of the training protocols varied widely, and detailed descriptions of FITT components were often incomplete or lacking clarity, especially regarding the specific exercises used. Future research should include more comprehensive spirometry variables such as forced expiratory volume 1 or forced vital capacity, as these are critical for determining COPD stages. Thus, there is a clear need for more high-quality research with robust methodological design in the context of exercise interventions for individuals with COPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61060970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:39:36Z","timestamp":1748205576000},"page":"970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of Physical Exercise Programs and Their Effects on Quality of Life and Functional Capacity in Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6671-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-5511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil \u0130brahim","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Maria de Brito","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-5601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Duarte","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto e Sa\u00fade, Escola de Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mout\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research Innovation and Technology Center (SPRINT), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research Innovation and Technology Center (SPRINT), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Av. Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.01.014","article-title":"Global Impact of Respiratory Disease: What Can We Do, Together, to Make a Difference?","volume":"161","author":"Levine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0218PP","article-title":"Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report. GOLD Executive Summary","volume":"195","author":"Vogelmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. 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