{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:13:02Z","timestamp":1774595582740,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTM-BIO\/6178\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTM-BIO\/6178\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/QUI\/00100\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/00100\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to their high hemocompatibility and gas permeation capacity, bi-soft segment polyurethane\/polycaprolactone (PU\/PCL) polymers are promising materials for use in membrane blood oxygenators. In this work, both nonporous symmetric and integral asymmetric PU\/PCL membranes were synthesized, and the permeation properties of the atmospheric gases N2, O2, and CO2 through these membranes were experimentally determined using a new custom-built gas permeation apparatus. Permeate pressure vs. time curves were obtained at 37.0 \u00b0C and gas feed pressures up to 5 bar. Fluxes, permeances, and permeability coefficients were determined from the steady-state part of the curves, and the diffusion and sorption coefficients were estimated from the analysis of the transient state using the time-lag method. Independent measurements of the sorption coefficients of the three gases were performed, under equilibrium conditions, in order to validate the new setup and procedure. This work shows that the gas sorption in the PU\/PCL polymers is the dominant factor for the permeation properties of the atmospheric gases in these membranes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sorption\/Diffusion Contributions to the Gas Permeation Properties of Bi-Soft Segment Polyurethane\/Polycaprolactone Membranes for Membrane Blood Oxygenators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-0411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago M.","family":"Eus\u00e9bio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CeFEMA\u2014Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CeFEMA\u2014Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Pon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CeFEMA\u2014Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CeFEMA\u2014Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-9611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-9632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mois\u00e9s L.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, CERENA, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4440-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo J. M.","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Norberta","family":"de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CeFEMA\u2014Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gravlee, G.P., Davis, R.F., and Utley, J.R. (1993). Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Principles and Practice, Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nanda, N.C., Trehan, N., Airan, B., Conrad, S.A., and Mehta, Y. (2014). Manual of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in the ICU, Jaypee Brothers Med. Publ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"910","article-title":"Lung Artificial: Basic Principles and Current Applications","volume":"9","author":"Federspiel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Encycl. Biomater. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.09.059","article-title":"Medical applications of membranes: Drug delivery, artificial organs and tissue engineering","volume":"308","author":"Stamatialis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659113483803","article-title":"Does contemporary oxygenator design influence haemolysis?","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"45","article-title":"Evolution of membrane oxygenator technology for utilization during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass, Pediatr","volume":"7","author":"Melchior","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12835","article-title":"Evolution of Gas Permeable Membranes for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation","volume":"41","author":"Yeager","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-004-0268-6","article-title":"Development of the oxygenator: Past, present, and future","volume":"7","author":"Iwahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/088532829901400104","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Polyurethanes: A Review of Past Promises, Present Realities, and a Vibrant Future","volume":"14","author":"Zdrahala","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2159","article-title":"Chemistry and technology of polyols for polyurethanes. Milhail Ionescu. Rapra Technology, Shrewsbury, UK","volume":"56","author":"Tersac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.158.3807.1481","article-title":"Segmented Polyurethane: A New Elastomer for Biomedical Applications","volume":"158","author":"Boretos","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.07.047","article-title":"Development of polyurethanes for bone repair","volume":"80","author":"Marzec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, December 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/books\/plastics-in-medical-devices-for-cardiovascular-applications\/padsalgikar\/978-0-323-35885-9."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(98)00833-7","article-title":"Design of polypropylene oxide\/polybutadiene bi-soft segment urethane\/urea polymer for pervaporation membranes","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"379","article-title":"Gas permeability of polypropylene oxide\/polybutadiene bi-soft segment urethane\/urea membranes","volume":"145","author":"Queiroz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1021\/ma034032t","article-title":"ATR\u2212FTIR Studies of Poly(propylene oxide)\/Polybutadiene Bi-Soft Segment Urethane\/Urea Membranes","volume":"36","author":"Queiroz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2004.12.056","article-title":"Structural characteristics and gas permeation properties of polydimethylsiloxane\/poly(propylene oxide) urethane\/urea bi-soft segment membranes","volume":"46","author":"Queiroz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880602900908","article-title":"Surface and hemocompatibility studies of bi-soft segment polyurethane membranes","volume":"29","author":"Queiroz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2004.12.047","article-title":"Midterm clinical result of tissue-engineered vascular autografts seeded with autologous bone marrow cells","volume":"129","author":"Matsumura","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"954","article-title":"Characterization and in vitro hemocompatibility of bi-soft segment, polycaprolactone-based poly(ester urethane urea) membranes","volume":"93","author":"Besteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.012","article-title":"Phase segregation and gas permeation properties of poly(urethane urea) bi-soft segment membranes","volume":"82","author":"Faria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.10.010","article-title":"Tailoring bi-soft segment poly(ester urethane urea) integral asymmetric membranes for CO2 and O2 permeation","volume":"387\u2013388","author":"Faria","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"De Pinho, M.N. (2010). Process of Synthesis Asymmetric Polyurethane Based Membranes with Hemocompatibility Characteristics and Membranes Obtained by Said Process. (2010\/0111761 A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.03.021","article-title":"Sub-micron tailoring of bi-soft segment asymmetric polyurethane membrane surfaces with enhanced hemocompatibility properties","volume":"86","author":"Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376321","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/376321","article-title":"Surface characterization of asymmetric Bi-soft segment poly(ester urethane urea) membranes for blood-oxygenation medical devices","volume":"2012","author":"Faria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, A.F., Khulbe, K., and Matsuura, T. (2015). Gas Separation Membranes: Polymeric and Inorganic, Springer International Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/book\/9783319010946.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01095-3"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulder, J. (1996). Basic Principles of Membrane Technology, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1766-8"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1039\/tf9393500628","article-title":"Permeation, diffusion and solution of gases in organic polymers","volume":"35","author":"Barrer","year":"1939","journal-title":"Trans. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01653631","article-title":"Review of time lag permeation technique as a method for characterisation of porous media and membranes","volume":"3","author":"Rutherford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(00)00554-1","article-title":"Structural characteristics and gas permeation properties of polynorbornenes with retained bicyclic structure","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"57","article-title":"Analytical solution for the effective time lag of a membrane in a permeate tube collector in which Knudsen flow regime exists","volume":"256","author":"Kruczek","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.01.001","article-title":"Effect of a resistance-free tank on the resistance to gas transport in high vacuum tube","volume":"280","author":"Kruczek","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.06.015","article-title":"General solution for the time lag of a single-tank receiver in the Knudsen flow regime and its implications for the receiver\u2019s configuration","volume":"283","author":"Lashkari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2010.05.043","article-title":"Effect of resistance to gas accumulation in multi-tank receivers on membrane characterization by the time lag method. Analytical approach for optimization of the receiver","volume":"360","author":"Lashkari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/01496391003789197","article-title":"High Pressure Adsorption Studies of Ethane and Ethylene on Clay-Based Adsorbent Materials","volume":"46","author":"Saini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Dymond, J.H., and Smith, E.B. (1980). The Virial Coefficients of Pure Gases and Mixtures: A Critical Compilation, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Rasband, W. (2012, March 20). NIH Image, ImageJ, 2012, Available online: http:\/\/rsbweb.nih.gov\/ij\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, D.N.N. (1984). Polymeric Membranes for Artificial Lungs. Polym. Mater. Artif. Organs, 151\u2013162.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1984-0256.ch009"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6999","DOI":"10.1021\/ma501488s","article-title":"Gas Separation Membrane Materials: A Perspective","volume":"47","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Green, D.D.W., and Southard, D.M.Z. (2019). Perry\u2019s Chemical Engineers\u2019 Handbook, McGraw-Hill Education. [9th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/10\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:03:31Z","timestamp":1760364211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/10\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes10010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes10010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]}}}