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Such upcycled membranes might be manufactured at a lower price than commercial AEMs, while their utilization reinforces the commitment to a circular economy transition. In an effort to gain a better understanding of such AEMs, confocal \u00b5-Raman spectroscopy was employed, to assess the distribution of the ion-exchange sites through the thickness of the prepared membranes, and 2D fluorescence spectroscopy, to evaluate alterations in the membranes caused by fouling and chemical cleaning The best performing membrane reached a 56% average nitrate removal within 24 h in the DD and IEMB systems, with the latter furthermore allowing for simultaneous elimination of the pollutant by biological denitrification, thus avoiding its discharge into the environment. Overall, this work validates the technical feasibility of using RO upcycled AEMs in DD and IEMB processes for nitrate removal. This membrane recycling concept might also find applications for the removal and\/or recovery of other target negatively charged species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12020101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:46:32Z","timestamp":1642545992000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Nitrate Removal by Donnan Dialysis and Anion-Exchange Membrane Bioreactor Using Upcycled End-of-Life Reverse Osmosis Membranes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2384-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaia","family":"Lejarazu-Larra\u00f1aga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Avenida Punto Com, 2, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.600, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Avenida Punto Com, 2, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7316-0019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Avenida Punto Com, 2, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7259-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwin","family":"Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0045-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia F.","family":"Galinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"VICARTE, Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eloy","family":"Garc\u00eda-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Avenida Punto Com, 2, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. 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