{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T19:05:50Z","timestamp":1778353550782,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTESthrough national funds","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drinking water sources are increasingly subject to various types of contamination due to anthropogenic factors and require proper treatment to remove disease-causing agents. Public drinking water systems use different treatment methods to provide safe and quality drinking water to populations. However, they are ineffective in removing contaminants that are considered a danger to the environment and therefore to humans. Several alternative treatment processes have been proposed, such as membrane filtration, as final purification methods. This paper aims to summarize the type of pollutant compounds, filtration processes, and membranes that have been most studied in this area with particular emphasis on how the modification of membranes, either the manufacturing process or the incorporation of nanomaterials, influences their performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12060570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T10:05:14Z","timestamp":1653905114000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":219,"title":["Removal of Contaminants from Water by Membrane Filtration: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8799-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Cevallos-Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\/Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Admisi\u00f3n y Nivelaci\u00f3n, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"},{"name":"Laboratorio de An\u00e1lisis Qu\u00edmicos y Biotecnol\u00f3gicos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3422-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\/Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3791-8849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de An\u00e1lisis Qu\u00edmicos y Biotecnol\u00f3gicos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"},{"name":"Departamento de Procesos Qu\u00edmicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matem\u00e1ticas, F\u00edsicas y Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\/Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sargen, M. (2021, December 10). Biological Roles of Water: Why Is Water Necessary for Life?. Available online: https:\/\/sitn.hms.harvard.edu\/uncategorized\/2019\/biological-roles-of-water-why-is-water-necessary-for-life\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations University-Institute for Water Environment and Health (2021, December 10). Water-Related Sustainable Development Goals: Accelerating Success for Water-related Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https:\/\/inweh.unu.edu\/projects\/water-related-sustainable-development-goals\/#1552973275168-fb16751e-efe1."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO\/UNICEF (2021, December 10). Drinking Water, Available online: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/water-and-sanitation\/drinking-water\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Enzler, S.M. (2021, December 12). 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