{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:11:53Z","timestamp":1776406313293,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004052","name":"ACWA Power and KAUST Research Translation Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REI\/1\/4455-01-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REI\/1\/4455-01-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The shortage of fresh water resources has made the desalination of seawater a widely adopted technology. Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is the most commonly used method for desalination. The SWRO process is energy-intensive, and most of the energy in SWRO is spent on pressurizing the seawater to overcome the osmotic barrier for producing fresh water. The pressure needed depends on the salinity of the seawater, its temperature, and the membrane surface properties. Membrane compaction occurs in SWRO due to hydraulic pressure application for long-term operations and operating temperature fluctuations due to seasonal seawater changes. This study investigates the effects of short-term feed water temperature increase on the SWRO process in a full-scale pilot with pretreatment and a SWRO installation consisting of a pressure vessel which contains seven industrial-scale 8\u201d diameter spiral wound membrane elements. A SWRO feed water temperature of 40 \u00b0C, even for a short period of 7 days, caused a permanent performance decline illustrated by a strong specific energy consumption increase of 7.5%. This study highlights the need for membrane manufacturer data that account for the water temperature effect on membrane performance over a broad temperature range. There is a need to develop new membranes that are more tolerant to temperature fluctuations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12080792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Seawater Reverse Osmosis Performance Decline Caused by Short-Term Elevated Feed Water Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Altmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and New Technology, ACWA Power, 41st Floor, The One Tower, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai P.O. Box 30582, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8312-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulus J.","family":"Buijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"KAUST ACWA Power Center of Excellence (KAPCOE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Andreia S. F.","family":"Farinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Vitor R. Proen\u00e7a","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Nadia M.","family":"Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2668-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes S.","family":"Vrouwenvelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ratul","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and New Technology, ACWA Power, 41st Floor, The One Tower, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai P.O. Box 30582, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"KAUST ACWA Power Center of Excellence (KAPCOE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.11.008","article-title":"Desalination using solar energy: Towards sustainability","volume":"36","author":"Gude","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500323","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500323","article-title":"Four billion people facing severe water scarcity","volume":"2","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Berktay, A. (2011). Environmental approach and influence of red tide to desalination process in the Middle East region. Int. J. Chem. Environ. 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