{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T04:54:50Z","timestamp":1776660890760,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UI\/BD\/153712\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/153712\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal)","award":["IST-ID\/156-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IST-ID\/156-2018"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UI\/BD\/153712\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/153712\/2022"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["IST-ID\/156-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IST-ID\/156-2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UI\/BD\/153712\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/153712\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["IST-ID\/156-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IST-ID\/156-2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) operate directly on liquid fuel instead of hydrogen, as in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. DLFCs have the advantages of higher energy densities and fewer issues with the transportation and storage of their fuels compared with compressed hydrogen and are adapted to mobile applications. Among DLFCs, the direct borohydride\u2013hydrogen peroxide fuel cell (DBPFC) is one of the most promising liquid fuel cell technologies. DBPFCs are fed sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the fuel and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant. Introducing H2O2 as the oxidant brings further advantages to DBPFC regarding higher theoretical cell voltage (3.01 V) than typical direct borohydride fuel cells operating on oxygen (1.64 V). The present review examines different membrane types for use in borohydride fuel cells, particularly emphasizing the importance of using bipolar membranes (BPMs). The combination of a cation-exchange membrane (CEM) and anion-exchange membrane (AEM) in the structure of BPMs makes them ideal for DBPFCs. BPMs maintain the required pH gradient between the alkaline NaBH4 anolyte and the acidic H2O2 catholyte, efficiently preventing the crossover of the involved species. This review highlights the vast potential application of BPMs and the need for ongoing research and development in DBPFCs. This will allow for fully realizing the significance of BPMs and their potential application, as there is still not enough published research in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13080730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1692011230000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bipolar Membranes for Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Belhaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3708-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biljana","family":"\u0160ljuki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6653-8506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Geraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7920-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo M. F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146587","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2023.1146587","article-title":"Comparative study on the performance of the application of clean alternative fuels in SOFC\/ICE hybrid power systems on electric aircraft","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Sun, C., and Ge, M. (2022). Review of the Research Status of Cost-Effective Zinc\u2013Iron Redox Flow Batteries. 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