{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:16:02Z","timestamp":1777598162299,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian funding agencies (CAPES, CNPq, FINEP and FAPERGS)","award":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian funding agencies (CAPES, CNPq, FINEP and FAPERGS)","award":["323RT0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323RT0143"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funding agency, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funding agency, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["323RT0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323RT0143"]}]},{"name":"LaPMET-Associate Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies","award":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2019"]}]},{"name":"LaPMET-Associate Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies","award":["323RT0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323RT0143"]}]},{"name":"Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda para el Desarollo","award":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda para el Desarollo","award":["323RT0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323RT0143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work investigates nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) for the removal of three widely used pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), namely atenolol, sulfamethoxazole, and rosuvastatin. Four membranes, two polyamide NF membranes (NF90 and NF270) and two polyethersulfone UF membranes (XT and ST), were evaluated in terms of productivity (permeate flux) and selectivity (rejection of PhACs) at pressures from 2 to 8 bar. Although the UF membranes have a much higher molecular weight cut-off (1000 and 10,000 Da), when compared to the molecular weight of the PhACs (253\u2013482 Da), moderate rejections were observed. For UF, rejections were dependent on the molecular weight and charge of the PhACs, membrane molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), and operating pressure, demonstrating that electrostatic interactions play an important role in the removal of PhACs, especially at low operating pressures. On the other hand, both NF membranes displayed high rejections for all PhACs studied (75\u201398%). Hence, considering the optimal operating conditions, the NF270 membrane (MWCO = 400 Da) presented the best performance, achieving permeate fluxes of about 100 kg h\u22121 m\u22122 and rejections above 80% at a pressure of 8 bar, that is, a productivity of about twice that of the NF90 membrane (MWCO = 200 Da). Therefore, NF270 was the most suitable membrane for this application, although the tight UF membranes under low operating pressures displayed satisfactory results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13080743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:49:34Z","timestamp":1692582574000},"page":"743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration for the Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds from Water: The Effect of Operating Pressure on Electrostatic Solute\u2014Membrane Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1044-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Giacobbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves n. 9500, Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Centre of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, n. 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabella Franco","family":"Pasqualotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves n. 9500, Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rafael Cabeleira de Coronel","family":"Machado Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves n. 9500, Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Minhalma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, n. 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9a Moura","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves n. 9500, Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5339-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Norberta de","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, n. 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, n. 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.08.074","article-title":"Epistemology of Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Literature Meta-Analysis","volume":"282","author":"Halden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162527","article-title":"Monitoring Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Systems through the Lens of Citizen Science","volume":"874","author":"Dubey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/jawr.12176","article-title":"Featured Collection Introduction: Contaminants of Emerging Concern II","volume":"50","author":"Battaglin","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67528","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15245-y","article-title":"Emerging Contaminants in Brazilian Aquatic Environment: Identifying Targets of Potential Concern Based on Occurrence and Ecological Risk","volume":"28","author":"Chaves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.09.034","article-title":"Nanofiltration for the Removal of Norfloxacin from Pharmaceutical Effluent","volume":"6","author":"Dottein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.10.082","article-title":"Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Domestic Wastewater, Available Treatment Technologies, and Potential Treatment Using Constructed Wetland: A Review","volume":"168","author":"Abdullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, D.I., Giacobbo, A., da Silva Fernandes, E., Rodrigues, M.A.S., de Pinho, M.N., and Bernardes, A.M. (2020). Experimental Design as a Tool for Optimizing and Predicting the Nanofiltration Performance by Treating Antibiotic-Containing Wastewater. Membranes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10070156"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19513-3","article-title":"Degradation of Bisphenol A: A Contaminant of Emerging Concern, Using Catalytic Ozonation by Activated Carbon Impregnated Nanocomposite-Bimetallic Catalyst","volume":"29","author":"Pokkiladathu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, C.M. (2019). Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73645-7"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ahammad, N.A., Ahmad, M.A., Hameed, B.H., and Mohd Din, A.T. A Mini Review of Recent Progress in the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Pharmaceutical Waste Using Various Adsorbents, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., in press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Li, Q., Feng, W., and Zhang, X. (2022). Application Progress of O3\/PMS Advanced Oxidation Technology in the Treatment of Organic Pollutants in Drinking Water. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141811718"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2022.28542","article-title":"Photocatalytic Removal of the Erythromycin Antibiotic Using Fe-Doped TiO2@Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles: Investigation of Effective Parameters, Process Kinetics and Degradation End Products","volume":"262","author":"Pishrafti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2018.10.010","article-title":"A Critical Review on Membrane Separation Processes Applied to Remove Pharmaceutically Active Compounds from Water and Wastewater","volume":"26","author":"Lange","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg6134","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg6134","article-title":"Microstructure Optimization of Bioderived Polyester Nanofilms for Antibiotic Desalination via Nanofiltration","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacobbo, A., and Bernardes, A.M. (2022). Membrane Separation Process in Wastewater and Water Purification. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12030259"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.01.085","article-title":"A Review of the Occurrence, Disposal, Determination, Toxicity and Remediation Technologies of the Tetracycline Antibiotic","volume":"160","author":"Leichtweis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.05.010","article-title":"Performance of Nanofiltration Membrane in Rejecting Trace Organic Compounds: Experiment and Model Prediction","volume":"370","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.09.043","article-title":"Non-Conventional Processes Applied for the Removal of Pharmaceutics Compounds in Waters: A Review","volume":"167","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2012.02.007","article-title":"Removal of Bisphenol A and 17\u03b2-Estradiol in Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes\u2013Ultrafiltration (SWNTs\u2013UF) Membrane Systems","volume":"90","author":"Heo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2019.100529","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membrane (PSF\/PVP\/SiO2) and Performance Evaluation for the Removal of Amoxicillin from Aqueous Solutions","volume":"17","author":"Shakak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.073","article-title":"Atenolol Removal by Nanofiltration: A Case-Specific Mass Transfer Correlation","volume":"81","author":"Giacobbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.11.032","article-title":"Removal of PhACs and Their Impacts on Membrane Fouling in NF\/RO Membrane Filtration of Various Matrices","volume":"548","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.09.046","article-title":"The Pros and Cons of Using Nanofiltration in Lieu of Reverse Osmosis for Indirect Potable Reuse Applications","volume":"85","author":"Bellona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, E.V., Giacobbo, A., Rodrigues, M.A.S., de Pinho, M.N., and Bernardes, A.M. (2021). The Effect of PH on Atenolol\/Nanofiltration Membranes Affinity. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11090689"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2018.08.002","article-title":"Assessing Potential of Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis for Removal of Toxic Pharmaceuticals from Water","volume":"25","author":"Licona","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.09.011","article-title":"Role of Electrostatic Interactions in the Retention of Pharmaceutically Active Contaminants by a Loose Nanofiltration Membrane","volume":"286","author":"Nghiem","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111005","article-title":"Retention of Atenolol from Single and Binary Aqueous Solutions by Thin Film Composite Nanofiltration Membrane: Transport Modeling and Pore Radius Estimation","volume":"271","author":"Taheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:12(1460)","article-title":"Removal of 17\u03b2 Estradiol and Fluoranthene by Nanofiltration and Ultrafiltration","volume":"130","author":"Yoon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, R.M.C., Mestre, A.S., Mesquita, E., Machuqueiro, M., Andrade, M.A., Carvalho, A.P., and Rosa, M.J. (2022). Key Factors for Activated Carbon Adsorption of Pharmaceutical Compounds from Wastewaters: A Multivariate Modelling Approach. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14020166"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2020.105237","article-title":"Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Real Wastewater by an Innovative Hybrid Membrane Process\u2014UltraSound, Adsorption, and Membrane Ultrafiltration (USAMe\u00ae)","volume":"68","author":"Naddeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, R.M.C., Mesquita, E., Campinas, M., and Rosa, M.J. (2020). Pilot Studies and Cost Analysis of Hybrid Powdered Activated Carbon\/Ceramic Microfiltration for Controlling Pharmaceutical Compounds and Organic Matter in Water Reclamation. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12010033"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2022.116020","article-title":"Influence of Molecular Weight Cut-off (MWCO) of Commercial Ultrafiltration Substrate on the Performance of Thin Film Composite Nanofiltration Membrane","volume":"541","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1021\/es0507665","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Retention Mechanisms by Nanofiltration Membranes","volume":"39","author":"Nghiem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.01.035","article-title":"Quantifying the Influence of Solute-Membrane Interactions on Adsorption and Rejection of Pharmaceuticals by NF\/RO Membranes","volume":"551","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babayev, M., Du, H., Botlaguduru, V.S.V., and Kommalapati, R.R. (2019). Zwitterion-Modified Ultrafiltration Membranes for Permian Basin Produced Water Pretreatment. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11081710"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2012.725793","article-title":"Ultrafiltration Based Process for the Recovery of Polysaccharides and Polyphenols from Winery Effluents","volume":"48","author":"Giacobbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.911703","article-title":"Membrane Separation Processes Applied to the Treatment of Effluents from Nanoceramic Coating Operations","volume":"55","author":"Giacobbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1897\/09-073.1","article-title":"Contamination of Surface, Ground, and Drinking Water from Pharmaceutical Production","volume":"28","author":"Fick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Brooks, M. (2022, June 12). 100 Best-Selling, Most Prescribed Branded Drugs through June. Available online: http:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/849457#vp_1."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.01.010","article-title":"Pharmacological Intervention in Hypertension Using Beta-Blockers: Real-world Evidence for Long-Term Effectiveness","volume":"130","author":"Hohenberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"614","article-title":"Ten Years-Snapshot of the Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants in Drinking, Surface and Ground Waters and Wastewaters from S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Montagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.415","article-title":"The Occurrence, Distribution and Degradation of Antibiotics by Ionizing Radiation: An Overview","volume":"646","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"DrugBank (2022, June 27). Properties of Atenolol Reported in DrugBank, Available online: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB00335."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"DrugBank (2022, June 27). Properties of Sulfamethoxazole Reported in DrugBank, Available online: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB01015."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"DrugBank (2022, June 27). Properties of Rosuvastatin Reported in DrugBank, Available online: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB01098."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12761","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c07968","article-title":"Preferential Solvation Study of Rosuvastatin in the {PEG400 (1) + Water (2)} Cosolvent Mixture and GastroPlus Software-Based In Vivo Predictions","volume":"8","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N. (1960). Transport Phenomena, John Wiley and Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacobbo, A., Bernardes, A.M., Rosa, M.J., and de Pinho, M.N. (2018). Concentration Polarization in Ultrafiltration\/Nanofiltration for the Recovery of Polyphenols from Winery Wastewaters. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8030046"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uragami, T. (2017). Science and Technology of Separation Membranes, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118932551"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(95)00102-I","article-title":"The Solution-Diffusion Model: A Review","volume":"107","author":"Wijmans","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135211","article-title":"Effects of Water Matrix on the Rejection of Neutral Pharmaceutically Active Compound by Thin-Film Composite Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes","volume":"303","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.11.026","article-title":"Rejection of Pharmaceuticals during Forward Osmosis and Prediction by Using the Solution-Diffusion Model","volume":"476","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.12.081","article-title":"Impact of Dead Cells on Biofouling and Pharmaceutically Active Compounds Retention by NF\/RO Membranes","volume":"337","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2016.1209521","article-title":"Removal of Anilinic Compounds Using the NF-97 Membrane: Application of the Solution-Diffusion and SKK Models","volume":"51","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo, A.M., Le\u00f3n, G., G\u00f3mez, M., Murcia, M.D., G\u00f3mez, E., and Macario, J.A. (2020). Removal of Different Dye Solutions: A Comparison Study Using a Polyamide Nf Membrane. Membranes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10120408"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.02.009","article-title":"Determination of the Parameters of the Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky Model for Nanofiltration of Single Electrolyte Solutions","volume":"198","author":"Koter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, R.R., Protasova, E., Strand, S., and Bilstad, T. (2018). Implementation of Spiegler\u2013Kedem and Steric Hindrance Pore Models for Analyzing Nanofiltration Membrane Performance for Smart Water Production. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8030078"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.01.046","article-title":"Rejection Prediction of Isopropylantipyrine and Antipyrine by Nanofiltration Membranes Based on the Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky Model","volume":"362","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najjar, A., Sabri, S., Al-Gaashani, R., Atieh, M.A., and Kochkodan, V. (2019). Antibiofouling Performance by Polyethersulfone Membranes Cast with Oxidized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Arabic Gum. Membranes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes9020032"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(02)00362-9","article-title":"Purification of Oligosaccharides by Nanofiltration","volume":"209","author":"Goulas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ainscough, T.J., Oatley-Radcliffe, D.L., and Barron, A.R. (2021). Groundwater Remediation of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes\u2014A Field Study. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11010061"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(92)80039-M","article-title":"Transport and Separation of Proteins by Ultrafiltration through Sorptive and Non-Sorptive Membranes","volume":"69","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/13\/8\/743\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:37:43Z","timestamp":1760128663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/13\/8\/743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes13080743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes13080743","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]}}}