{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T04:33:58Z","timestamp":1769142838005,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","award":["GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/013"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}]},{"name":"MCIN","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"name":"MCIN","award":["GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/013"]}]},{"name":"MCIN","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/013"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}]},{"name":"ssociate Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014LAQV REQUIMTE","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"name":"ssociate Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014LAQV REQUIMTE","award":["GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVA-THINKINAZUL\/2021\/013"]}]},{"name":"ssociate Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014LAQV REQUIMTE","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the behavior of phosphate ion transport through two structurally distinct anion-exchange membranes\u2014AMV (homogeneous) and HC-A (heterogeneous)\u2014in an electrodialysis system under both static and stirred conditions at varying pH levels. Chronopotentiometric and current\u2013voltage analyses were used to investigate the influence of pH and hydrodynamics on ion transport. Under underlimiting (ohmic) conditions, the AMV membrane exhibited simultaneous transport of H2PO4\u2212 and HPO42\u2212 ions at neutral and mildly alkaline pH, while such behavior was not verified at acidic pH and in all cases for the HC-A membrane. Under overlimiting current conditions, AMV favored electroconvection at low pH and exhibited significant water dissociation at high pH, leading to local pH shifts and chemical equilibrium displacement at the membrane\u2013solution interface. In contrast, the HC-A membrane operated predominantly under strong electroconvective regimes, regardless of the pH value, without evidence of water dissociation or equilibrium change phenomena. Stirring significantly impacted the electrochemical responses: it altered the chronopotentiogram profiles through the emergence of intense oscillations in membrane potential drop at overlimiting currents and modified the current\u2013voltage behavior by increasing the limiting current density, reducing electrical resistance, and compressing the plateau region that separates ohmic and overlimiting regimes. Additionally, both membranes showed signs of NH3 formation at the anodic-side interface under pH 7\u20138, associated with increased electrical resistance. These findings reveal distinct ionic transport characteristics and hydrodynamic sensitivities of the membranes, thus providing valuable insights for optimizing phosphate recovery via electrodialysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes15080230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:51:41Z","timestamp":1754038301000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phosphate Transport Through Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Anion-Exchange Membranes: A Chronopotentiometric Study for Electrodialytic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8248-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayo","family":"Santana-Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IEC Group, Research Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0745-1918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel C\u00e9sar","family":"Mart\u00ed-Calatayud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IEC Group, Research Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9446-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlozar","family":"Velizarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4010-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valent\u00edn","family":"P\u00e9rez-Herranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IEC Group, Research Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownlie, W.J., Sutton, M.A., Cordell, D., Reay, D.S., Heal, K.V., Withers, P.J.A., Vanderbeck, I., and Spears, B.M. (2023). Phosphorus price spikes: A wake-up call for phosphorus resilience. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1088776"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission (2025, June 07). Critical Raw Materials. Available online: https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/sectors\/raw-materials\/areas-specific-interest\/critical-raw-materials_en."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2023.100733","article-title":"Eutrophication: Causes, consequences, physical, chemical and biological techniques for mitigation strategies","volume":"12","author":"Akinnawo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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