{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:34:42Z","timestamp":1777606482938,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007434","name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, direct laser deposition (DLD) of nickel-based superalloy powders (Inconel 625) on structural steel (42CrMo4) was analysed. Cladding layers were produced by varying the main processing conditions: laser power, scanning speed, feed rate, and preheating. The processing window was established based on conditions that assured deposited layers without significant structural defects and a dilution between 15 and 30%. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction were performed for microstructural characterisation. The Vickers hardness test was used to analyse the mechanical response of the optimised cladding layers. The results highlight the influence of preheating on the microstructure and mechanical responses, particularly in the heat-affected zone. Substrate preheating to 300 \u00b0C has a strong effect on the cladding\/substrate interface region, affecting the microstructure and the hardness distribution. Preheating also reduced the formation of the deleterious Laves phase in the cladding and altered the martensite microstructure in the heat-affected zone, with a substantial decrease in hardness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met11081326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Deposition of Nickel-Based Superalloy Claddings on Low Alloy Structural Steel by Direct Laser Deposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0919-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Alves","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5282-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Loureiro","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9758-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Correia","family":"Romio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERMEC-Group, R. de Montezelo 540, 4425-348 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rosanete","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Fernando","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, L., Shamsaei, N., and Usher, J.M. (2018). Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing of Metal Parts, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315151441"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Overview: Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing for High Temperature Tribology","volume":"5","author":"Matthews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"36","article-title":"An overview of Direct Laser Deposition for additive manufacturing; Part I: Transport phenomena, modeling and diagnostics","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addit. 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