{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:29:33Z","timestamp":1762432173560,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032460","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-038128","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032460","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-038128","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of biomaterials, particularly metallic ones, is one of the focuses of the scientific community, mainly due to an increase of average life expectancy and an improvement of the casted materials combined with better mechanical properties and defect-free products. The use of cobalt alloys in applications, such as knee, hip, and dental prostheses, is the result of their good ability to maintain mechanical properties and biocompatibility over long periods of use. Numerical methods are becoming more important, as they help product improvement in a faster and economic way. This work focuses on the development of a numerical model in ProCAST\u00ae, comparing the shrinkage porosity and cooling curves with real castings. When correlating simulation results with available experimental data, it is possible to understand that the formulated model demonstrates an acceptable solution in terms of precision (shrinkage porosity and cooling curve). The alloy\u2019s thermal properties and heat conditions were iteratively changed until the developed numerical model turned out a viable tool for this specific alloy when used in the investment casting process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met12020351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Numerical Simulation and Defect Identification in the Casting of Co-Cr Alloy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3554-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimundo","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, University of the State of Amazonas\u2014UEA, Darcy Vargas, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2655-3677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Madureira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2894-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Emadinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djoki\u0107, S.S. (2012). CoCrMo Alloy for biomedical applications. Biomedical Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3125-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2010.10.011","article-title":"Microstructural characterization of as-cast biocompatible Co-Cr-Mo alloys","volume":"62","author":"Giacchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3069(96)00036-2","article-title":"Effect of nitrogen on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Co\u2013Cr\u2013Mo alloy","volume":"17","author":"Escobedo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.07.052","article-title":"The effect of induction heating power on the microstructural and physical properties of investment cast ASTM-F75 CoCrMo alloy","volume":"8","author":"Fleming","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.72.947","article-title":"Microstructure of as-cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy prepared by investment casting","volume":"72","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Phys. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0207(20000110\/30)47:1\/3<29::AID-NME760>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Finite element simulation of metal casting","volume":"47","author":"Lewis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1515\/afe-2016-0102","article-title":"Prediction of shrinkage porosity in femoral stem of titanium investment casting","volume":"16","author":"Sutiyoko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405416640183","article-title":"Simulation tools in enhancing metal casting productivity and quality: A review","volume":"230","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.3054","article-title":"Numerical modeling of hot tearing formation in metal casting and its validations","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2012.06.003","article-title":"Developments in investment casting process\u2014A review","volume":"212","author":"Pattnaik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Processing Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Menne, R., Weiss, U., Brohmer, A., Walter, A., Weber, M., and Oelling, P. (2007, January 26\u201327). Implementation of casting process simulation for increased engine performance and reduced development time and costs\u2014Selected examples from FORD R and D engine projects. Proceedings of the 28th International Vienna Motor Symposium, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540801935616","article-title":"Simulation-enabled casting product defect prediction in die casting process","volume":"47","author":"Fu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-6897-5","article-title":"Computer-aided modeling and experimental verification of optimal gating system design for investment casting of precision rotor","volume":"79","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2012.08.027","article-title":"Numerical analysis on the enhancement of molten steel stirring by magnetic field strength control","volume":"70","author":"Im","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-005-0325-1","article-title":"Numerical simulation of low pressure die casting of magnesium wheel","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-4311(01)00068-0","article-title":"Numerical simulation of filling and solidification of permanent mold castings","volume":"22","author":"Shepel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020). ProCAST\u00ae, ESI Group. Version 16.0.1. Information Extracted from ProCAST\u00ae Database."}],"container-title":["Metals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4701\/12\/2\/351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:21:38Z","timestamp":1760134898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4701\/12\/2\/351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["met12020351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met12020351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4701"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4701"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]}}}