{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:46:53Z","timestamp":1762055213755,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["COMPETE 2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030490","2021.08685.BD","No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_048\/0007350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030490","2021.08685.BD","No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_048\/0007350"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMPETE 2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030490","2021.08685.BD","No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_048\/0007350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030490","2021.08685.BD","No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_048\/0007350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMPETE 2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030490","2021.08685.BD","No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_048\/0007350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030490","2021.08685.BD","No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_048\/0007350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic","award":["COMPETE 2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030490","2021.08685.BD","No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_048\/0007350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030490","2021.08685.BD","No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_048\/0007350"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a microstructural model applicable to additively manufactured (AM) austenitic SS 316L components fabricated via a direct energy deposition (DED) process. The model is primarily intended to give an understanding of the effect of microscale and mesoscale features, such as grains and melt pool sizes, on the mechanical properties of manufactured components. Based on experimental observations, initial assumptions for the numerical model regarding grain size and melt pool dimensions were considered. Experimental observations based on miniature-sized 316L stainless steel DED-fabricated samples were carried out to shed light on the deformation mechanism of FCC materials at the grain scale. Furthermore, the dependency of latent strain hardening parameters based on the Bassani\u2013Wu hardening model for a single crystal scale is investigated, where the Voronoi tessellation method and probability theory are utilized for the definition of the grain distribution. A hierarchical polycrystalline modeling methodology based on a representative volume element (RVE) with the realistic impact of grain boundaries was adopted for fracture assessment of the AM parts. To qualify the validity of process\u2013structure\u2013property relationships, cohesive zone damage surfaces were used between melt pool boundaries as the predefined initial cracks and the performance of the model is validated based on the experimental observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met12071096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1656277301000},"page":"1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Damage Evolution Simulations via a Coupled Crystal Plasticity and Cohesive Zone Model for Additively Manufactured Austenitic SS 316L DED Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0807-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roya","family":"Darabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Erfan","family":"Azinpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0919-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jose Cesar","family":"de Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8996-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Dzugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMTES FHT a.s., Prumyslova 995, 334 41 Dobrany, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, F.H., and Moylan, S.P. 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