{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T11:18:41Z","timestamp":1772191121808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LAETA\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Energia, Transportes e Aeron\u00e1utica","award":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Arak University","award":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of new joint configurations suitable for dissimilar materials enables a wider range of applications and allows for an accelerated replacement of traditional structural construction materials by lightweight materials. The T-configuration is a joint configuration that has not been sufficiently studied for use with dissimilar materials, especially when created using the friction stir welding (FSW) process. In this study, a combined lap\/butt design was introduced and implemented, seeking to create a T-joint between aluminum and steel. Characterization of the joints showed that FSW could be successfully used to join aluminum and steel in a T-configuration. The formation of intermetallic bonds and kissing bonds was carefully analyzed, and their contribution to the fracture behavior during loading in the skin and stringer directions was studied. Finite element simulation was used to determine the stress state at the interface during loading. The characterization results showed that the intermetallic, as an indicator of metallurgical bonding, is formed when special features are observed in the pattern of material flow. The fractography images showed that the stress state has a major impact on the fracture. The results of the present study can be effectively used to design and fabricate dissimilar joints, taking into account the loading condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met13061027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:10:53Z","timestamp":1685203853000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Novel Lap-Butt Joint Design for FSW of Aluminum to Steel in Tee-Configuration: Joining Mechanism, Intermetallic Formation, and Fracture Behavior"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Beygi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran"}]},{"given":"Amir Abbas","family":"Talkhabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid Zarezadeh","family":"Mehrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A. S.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. C.","family":"Carbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gullino, A., Matteis, P., and D\u2019aiuto, F. (2019). Review of aluminum-to-steel welding technologies for car-body applications. Metals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/met9030315"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2014.06.005","article-title":"Experimental studies on ultrasonically assisted friction stir spot welding of AA6061","volume":"15","author":"Rostamiyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. 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