{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:57:35Z","timestamp":1774043855949,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia under the Next Generation EU from the European Union, Project \u201cAgenda ILLIANCE\u201d","award":["C644919832-00000035|Project n\u00b0 46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644919832-00000035|Project n\u00b0 46"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia under the Next Generation EU from the European Union, Project \u201cAgenda ILLIANCE\u201d","award":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia under the Next Generation EU from the European Union, Project \u201cAgenda ILLIANCE\u201d","award":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C644919832-00000035|Project n\u00b0 46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644919832-00000035|Project n\u00b0 46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In heat pumps and refrigeration systems, copper parts play a crucial role. Since heat pumps for space and water heating work under high pressure and are susceptible to vibrations, it is crucial to perfectly weld the copper pipes and heat exchangers to avoid system failures and prevent the leakage of the circulating refrigerants, which are harmful to the environment. The welding of the copper pipes is usually performed by the brazing process in a furnace. The components are subjected to a period of approximately 50 min inside a continuously open oven, varying the temperature from 710 \u00b0C to 830 \u00b0C. The oven inlets and outlets are protected by nitrogen curtains to guarantee a suitable internal environment and prevent the contamination of the gas inside the oven. This work analyses which welding methods are most suitable for welding copper, the best joint shape, process time, brazing specimens of a copper alloy, tightness tests, and mechanical properties and composition of the welding samples. From the tests carried out, the appearance of small and large defects is reduced by using a 1 mm thick external ring of filler material and a brazing temperature of 820 \u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met14020171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T07:49:47Z","timestamp":1706600987000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Brazing of Copper Pipes for Heat Pump and Refrigeration Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio B.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7071-2439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. S.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDMA\u2014Centre for Research & Development in Mathematics and Applications, Department of Mathematics, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sathishkumar","family":"Duraisamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6226-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Horovistiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IEA (2022). 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