{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T15:37:30Z","timestamp":1767713850613,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, IP (FCT)","award":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"]}]},{"name":"SMARTWAGONS\u2014DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN PORTUGAL OF SMART WAGONS FOR FREIGHT","award":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan and by European Funds NextGeneration EU","award":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"]}]},{"name":"PRODUCING RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK IN PORTUGAL","award":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/143141\/2019","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","COMPETE 2020","C644940527-00000048","C645644454-00000065"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leaf springs are components of railway rolling stock made of high-strength alloyed steel to resist loading and environmental conditions. Combining the geometric notches with the high surface roughness of its leaves, fatigue models based on local approaches might be more accurate than global ones. In this investigation, the monotonic and fatigue behaviour of 51CrV4 steel for application in leaf springs of railway rolling stock is analysed. Fatigue models based on strain-life and energy-life approaches are considered. Additionally, the transient and stabilised behaviours are analysed to evaluate the cyclic behaviour. Both cyclic elastoplastic and cyclic master curves are considered. Lastly, different fatigue fracture surfaces are analysed using SEM. As a result, the material properties and fatigue models can be applied further in either the design of leaf springs or in the mechanical designs of other components made of 51CrV4 steel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met14030266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T06:07:39Z","timestamp":1708668459000},"page":"266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Monotonic and Fatigue Behaviour of the 51CrV4 Steel with Application in Leaf Springs of Railway Rolling Stock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-6913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor M. G.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, FEUP, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2189-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos D. S.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, FEUP, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. F. O.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, FEUP, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ab\u00edlio M. P.","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, FEUP, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yamada, Y., and Kuwabara, T. (2007). Materials for Springs, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Smith, W.F. (1999). Principles of Materials Science and Engineering, Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-013-1559-y","article-title":"Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 6150 steel","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cent. 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