{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T19:05:42Z","timestamp":1767035142982,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,7]],"date-time":"2024-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020","UIDB\/00481\/2020","UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083","LA\/P\/0104\/2020","LA\/P\/0112\/2020","2022.02370.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020","UIDB\/00481\/2020","UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083","LA\/P\/0104\/2020","LA\/P\/0112\/2020","2022.02370.PTDC"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020","UIDB\/00481\/2020","UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083","LA\/P\/0104\/2020","LA\/P\/0112\/2020","2022.02370.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020","UIDB\/00481\/2020","UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083","LA\/P\/0104\/2020","LA\/P\/0112\/2020","2022.02370.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020","UIDB\/00481\/2020","UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083","LA\/P\/0104\/2020","LA\/P\/0112\/2020","2022.02370.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020","UIDB\/00481\/2020","UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083","LA\/P\/0104\/2020","LA\/P\/0112\/2020","2022.02370.PTDC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the sensitivity of the square cup forming process. It analyses how the uncertainties in the material properties, friction and process conditions affect the results of the square cup, such as equivalent plastic strain, geometry change, thickness reduction, punch force and springback. The cup flange and the die curvature region are identified as highly affected areas, while the cup bottom is least affected by the uncertainties. Two sensitivity analysis techniques, PAWN and Sobol indices, are compared. In particular, the study shows that PAWN indices require a significantly smaller number of simulations than Sobol indices, making them a more efficient choice for sensitivity analysis. While both PAWN and Sobol indices generally give comparable results, discrepancies arise in the analysis of springback, where PAWN indices show superior accuracy, particularly when dealing with multimodal distributions. This observation highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate sensitivity analysis method based on the nature of the data being analysed. These results provide insights for optimizing stamping processes to reduce production time and costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met14040432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T10:11:55Z","timestamp":1712571115000},"page":"432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sensitivity Analysis of the Square Cup Forming Process Using PAWN and Sobol Indices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1037-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s G.","family":"Parreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Associated Laboratory (ARISE), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8032-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta C.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Associated Laboratory (ARISE), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliya A.","family":"Sakharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Associated Laboratory (ARISE), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Prates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Associated Laboratory (ARISE), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0443-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 F. G.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Associated Laboratory (ARISE), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2019.04.005","article-title":"Recent Development Trends in Metal Forming","volume":"19","author":"Gronostajski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.09.075","article-title":"Multivariate Modelling of Variability in Sheet Metal Forming","volume":"203","author":"Rolfe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. 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