{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:10:00Z","timestamp":1768900200538,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hi-rEV\u2014Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o do Setor de Componentes Autom\u00f3veis","award":["PRR-C644864375-00000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C644864375-00000002"]}]},{"name":"NextGeneration EU","award":["PRR-C644864375-00000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C644864375-00000002"]}]},{"name":"Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia (PRR)","award":["PRR-C644864375-00000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C644864375-00000002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While conventional die manufacturing techniques often lead to limitations in production speed and design intricacy due to labour-intensive procedures like machining and casting, Additive Manufacturing (AM) emerges as a key player offering substantial potential for cost reduction and process improvement in mass production. This study benchmarks four leading Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) systems for producing maraging steel (EN 1.2709) dies. Despite the shared material and technology, variations in dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and microstructure were observed among the maraging steel parts. SEM\/EDS, EBSD, hardness testing, and dimensional analysis revealed system-specific performance differences. Additionally, select parts underwent heat treatment and tensile testing, demonstrating the impact of post-processing on mechanical properties. These results offer valuable guidance for industrial stakeholders considering AM, highlighting the importance of supplier selection and process optimisation for achieving consistent part quality and unlocking the full potential of AM technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met14050520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T08:59:39Z","timestamp":1714553979000},"page":"520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Benchmarking L-PBF Systems for Die Production: Powder, Dimensional, Surface, Microstructural and Mechanical Characterisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1714-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5295-5648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa Wellenkamp","family":"Sequeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben Filipe","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CCF\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Centro de Compet\u00eancias Ferrovi\u00e1rio, Parque Oficinal de Guif\u00f5es, Rua do Ferrovi\u00e1rio, 4460-020 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Fernando","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. 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