{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:52:15Z","timestamp":1768697535562,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia of Portugal","award":["LAETA-UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LAETA-UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia of Portugal","award":["PTDC\/EME-EME\/0949\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EME-EME\/0949\/2020"]}]},{"name":"IDMEC","award":["LAETA-UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LAETA-UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"IDMEC","award":["PTDC\/EME-EME\/0949\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EME-EME\/0949\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper is focused on improving material formability in hybrid wire-arc additive manufacturing comprising metal forming stages to produce small-to-medium batches of customized parts. The methodology involves fabricating wire arc additive manufactured AISI 316L stainless steel parts subjected to mechanical and thermal processing (MTP), followed by microhardness measurements, tensile testing with digital image correlation, as well as microstructure and microscopic observations. Results show that mechanical processing by pre-straining followed by thermal processing by annealing can reduce material hardness and strength, increase ductility, and eliminate anisotropy by recrystallizing the as-built dendritic-based columnar grain microstructure into an equiaxed grain microstructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met14060716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T11:14:16Z","timestamp":1718622856000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["On the Enhancement of Material Formability in Hybrid Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. M.","family":"Pragana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ivo M. F.","family":"Bragan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMOSM, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3837-5185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M. A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2630-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo A. F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). Additive Manufacturing\u2014General Principles\u2014Fundamentals and Vocabulary (Standard No. ISO\/ASTM 52900-21)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Cunningham, C.R., Wang, J., Dhokia, V., Shrokani, A., and Newman, S.T. (2019, January 12\u201314). Characterisation of Austenitic 316 LSi Stainless Steel Produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing with Interlayer Cooling. 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